Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/758

 FAS

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FAS

of them twelve, bore by fo many U fliers, call'd Lienors. See Lictge.. Dionyfi Malicarn. L. III. c. 84.

Others will have Romulus the Author of the Inftitmion, and afcribe the Number twelve, to the Number of Birds, which foretold him his Kingdom. Others hold, that he borrow'd it from the Hetrurians ; and that the Number twelve anfwer'd to the twelve Nations of Hetruria, who in creating him King, gave him each an Officer, to ferve him as Lienor. Silius Italians afcribes their firft Invention to a City of Hetruria, call'd Vetttlonia.

Thefe Fafces confifted ofBranches of Elm ; in the Mid- dle whereof was a Securis, or Hatchet, the Head whereof flood out beyond the reft. "Plutarch relates the Reafons of this Difpofition. c Publicola took the Hatchet out of the Fafces, as 'Plutarch affures us, to remove from the People all Occafion of Terror.

After the Confuls, the Praetors afTum'd the Fafccs. Con- form, de 'Die Natal, obferves, that the Praetors had only two : Tho' 'Polybhts and "Plutarch give them fix. In the Government of the Decem-vir's, it was the Practice, at firft, for only one of them to have the Fafces. Afterwards, each of them had twelve, in the fame manner as the Kings.

FASCIA, in Architecture, by the Workmen call'd Facia,- Facio, or Face, a Broad-lift, Fillet, or Band ; particularly ufed in Architraves, and Pedeftals. See Architrave, and Pedestal.

The Architrave confifts of three Fafeia, or Bands ; thus call'd by Vitruvius, as refembling Swaths, call'd in Latin Fafeia.

That Author admits no Fafeia, in the ityfbdn, and Doric Architrave, /. e. he makes it all plain, without any Divifion, or cantoning into Parts or Fafeia : But the modern Archi- tects take Liberty to differ fr*om him herein. See Tuscan, Doric, &c.

In Brick-buildings, the Juttings out of the Bricks, be- yond the Windows, in the feveral Stories, except the high- eft, are call'd Facials, or Fafeia.

Thefe are fometimes plain, and fbme times moulded. But the Moulding is only a Cima reverfa, or an O G, at the Bottom, with two plain Courfes of Bricks over it ; then an Jffiragal, and laftly a Boultine.

Fascia lata, or Fafcialis, in Anatomy, a Mufcle of the Leg; call'd alfo Aicmhranofus. See Memeranosus.

FASCLE, in Aftronomy, two Rows of bright Spots, ob- ferv'd on Jupiter's Body ; appearing like Swaths, or Sells. See Jui-iter.

The Fafeia, or Belts of Jupiter, are more lucid than the reft of his Disk, and are terminated by parallel Lines. They are fometimes broader, and fometimes narrower 5 nor do they always pofTefs the fame Part of the Disk.

M. Huygens, likewife, obferv'd a very large Kind of Fafeia, in Mars ; but it was darker than the reft of the Disk, and took up the middle Part thereof. See Mars.

FASCIALI3, in Anatomy, a Mufcle of the Leg; call'd alfb Sartorius. See Sartorius.

FASCICULUS, in Medic5ne,a Term fometimes ufed to exprefs a certain Quantity, or Meafure of Herbs.

By Fafciculush meant fo much, as may be held in the Arm, when bent, and refted on the Top of the Haunch. Phyficians note it in Perfcription by Fafc.

FASCINATION, Witchcraft ; or a Charm, or Spell, which alters the Appearance of Things, and reprefents 'em different, from what they are. See Witchcraft.

Linder, a S-ivediJI? Phyfician, has treated very well of Fafcination, in the VIII th Chapter of his little Work, 1)e Venenis.

The Word is form'd of the latin Verb fafcin are, of the Greek /Us-jcaithc, fignifying the fame Thing. See Charm.

FASCINES, or Faggots, in Fortification, are fmall Branches of Trees, or Bavins, bound up in Bundles; which being mix'd with Earth, ferve to fill up Ditches, to fcreen the Men, make the Parapets of Trenches, &c.

Some of them are dipp'd in melted Pitch or Tar; and being fet on Fire, ferve to burn the Enemies Lodgements, or other Works.

A pitch'd Fafcinc is a Foot and half about : A Fafcine for Defence, two or three Foot.

In the corrupt Latin, they ufe Fafcenina, Fafcennia, and Fafcinata, to fignify the Pales, Fafcines, ckc. ufed to enclofe the antient Caftles, g£c,

FASHION, fee Mode, Custom, &c.

Fashion is particularly us'd among Artificers, for the Trouble, Time, and Labour, employ'd on a piece of Work ; particularly fome filver, or gold Utenfil, Inttru- ment, Toy, $§c. 'Tis by the Fafhion, that the Workmens Wages, or Salary are regulated. We paid fo much a-piece for the Faflnon of thefe Spoons, exclufive of the Matter, or Silver. That Weaver has fo much a-picce for the Fajhion of the Stuffs we give him to weave. The Word is French >: Fagon.

Fashion-SPhwi, are thofe two Timbers, which form the Breadth of a Ship, at the Stern 5 and are the outmoft

Timbers of the Stern, on each Side, except aloft, where the Counters are. See Stern.

FAST, a Space of Time, wherein a Perion takes little, or no Food. See Food.

The Advantages of Fafiing, with regard to Health, with extraordinary Inftances of long Fafiing, fee under the Arti- cle Abstinence. \

The Bramins never bleed their Sick, but make them faft in lieu thereof.

Fast, is peculiarly ufed for an Abftinence, on account of Religion ; or a fpace of Time, wherein the Church pro- hibits the ufe of Food ; or at leaft reftrains it to certain Things, and certain Hours.

The ftrict, canonical Faft, only allows of one Meal in i± Hours. Fa. ThomaJJin obferves, that the antient Fafi was, to fup, without dining, i.e. only to take one Meal, and that not till after Nones : Adding, that to dine, though without fupping, was a Breach of the Fafi. The Practice of the Latin Church, was to faft 515' Days in the Year; which, is as it were, the Tyth of the Year.

Tertullian wrote an expreis Treatife de Jejuniis, of Fafis ; to fupport the new Laws of Fa-fling, which the Mon ■ tanifls were for impofing. See Montanist.

The antient Catholicks allow'd of no Fafis of 'Obligation, or Command, befide that preceding Eafier, fince call'd Lent; the Terms of which were to forbear Eating till the Evening, See Lent.

The other Fafis obferv'd were only of ^Devotion: Such were the fourth and fixth Feria, i. e. Wedncfdays, and Fri- days. This Fafi was call'd Station. Befides thefe there were occasional Fafis, injoyn'd by the Bi/hops, &c. Sec Ferije,

In the Book of Bermas, call'd the Paflor, the Angel tells him, The Day thou fafiefl, thou ftialt take nothing but Eread and Water; and having computed the ufual Expences of each Day, thou malt lay afide fo much for the Widow, the Orphan, and the Poor.

In the fame PafTage, the Fafi is call'd Station, and the Perfon who faficd, was to begin early in the Morning to retire to Prayer. See Station.

St. FruBuofus, Fiery tells us, going to fuffer, fome Peo- ple, out of a Principle of Charity, offer'd him Drink, to fupport him: But he refus'd it, faying, It is not yet Time to break Fafi; for it was but ten in the Morning, and it was Friday, Station-day. Which fhews the Exactnefs of the primitive Chriftians, in this Point; and that Drinking was held breaking of Fafi.

Some introduced the Xerophagy into Fafis; that is. the Ufe of dried Fruits for their Meals; and made a Practice of abliaining not only from all Meats, and Wines, but alfo from Tucculent Fruits, for the whole 24 Hours: And fome redue'd themfelves to Bread and Water. But this was more than was commanded. See Xerophagy.

The Practice of Fafiing is more antient than Chriftiant- ty. The Ifraelites fafied often, and had their ftated Fafi- days. The Day of Attonement, which they call'd Kippa- rim, was a Day of Fafiing, injoin'd in Levit, xxiii, 3.7. &c* Some will have this the Day St. 'Paul refers to in Acts xxvii.9. The Jc'vs had likewife Fafis, inftituted by Precept of the Synagogue: Such were thofe of the fourth, fifth, and tenth of the Month, mention'd by Zachar'iah vii. 3. and viii. 19.

The Heathens adopted the fame Cuftom, in all Proba- bility, from the People of God ; tho' their Religion inclin'd more to Feafting, than Fafiing: as appears from the long Lift of Feafis, enumerated under the Article Feast.

Yet they fafied in the Fleufinia; as appears from Ar~ nohius, and Clemens Alexand. See Salmajius, p. 150. and Scaliger, Pocti 1. 1, c. 32.

The Fafis of the Calogeri are fo fevcre, that they remain feven Days, without Eating at all. For the Fafis of the Greeks, fee Spon. Voyag. P. II.

The Turks are fo fcrupulous on the point of Fafiing, that they will not fo much as take the Smell of any Per- fume, by the Nofe. They hold that Odors themfelves break Fafi. If they bath, 'tis forbid to put the Head under Wa- ter, for fear of fwallowing any of it: And as for Women, they are forbid to bath at all on Fafi-days.

FASTERMANS, or Fasting men, q. d. homines ha- t antes, was ufed in our antient Cuftoms, for Men of Re- pute, and Subftance ; or rather for Pledges, Sureties, or Bonds-men, which according to the Saxon Polity were fafi bound to anfwer for one anothers peaceable Eehaviours. See Decenna.

FASTI, in Antiquity, was the Roman Calendar; where- in the feveral Days of the Year, with their Feafts, Games, and other Ceremonies, were exprefs'd. See Calendar.

The Romans had their greater and lcffer Fafii. The Great Fafii were call'd, the Fafii of the Magi fir ates 3 and the leffer, the Fafii Calendares-

The Fafii Calendares, which were, what was properly, and primarly call'd Fafii, are defined by Fefius c Pcmpejus 9 to be Books, containing a Defcription of the whole Year 5 i. e. Ephemerides, or Diaries, diftingui filing the feveral