Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/757

 FAR

(M)

FAS

The faro* is infectious ; and has the Effect of a true Plague. Gefner derives the Word from Varices, by chang- ing the V into a Digamma, or f.

"The i&rcy is ordinarily occafion'd by Over-heats, and Colds ; fometimes by Spur-galling with rufly Spurs, Snaf- fle, Bit, or the like : Or by the Bite of another Horfe, in- fected with it : Or, if in the Leg, by cutting, or interfer- ing.

The Water-Farcin proceeds from a Horfe's feeding, on low, watery Grounds, and Pits, or Holes, where the Grafs grows above the Water : For the Horfe, in picking out the 'Grafs, licks up the Water, which occafions him to 'fwell un- der the Belly, or Chaps. The Cure is by a red-hot Iron.

FARDEL of Land, is according to fome Authors, the fourth Part of a Yard-land. See Yard-land.

FARDING-Sca/, in our antient Cutfoms, fignifies the fourth Part of an Acre, now call'd a Rood. See Acre.

In the Reg. of Writs, we have alfo Denariata, Obolata, Solidata, and Librata 'ferra ; which muft probably rife in Proportion of Quantity from the Farding-deal, as an half- jenny, Penny, Shilling and Pound, rife in Value: On which footing Obolata, muft be half an Acre ; Denariata, an A- cre ; folidata, twelve Acres ; and Librata, twelve Score Acres.

Jet we find, Viginta libratas terr£, vel reddims Reg. fol. 94. a. and 248. b. whereby it feems librata terra is 10 much, as yields xx s. per Annum : and centum folidatas terrarum tennementorwn g? redituum, fol. 249. a. See Furlong.

Others holds Obolata to be but half a Pearch; and CDe- nariata, a Pearch. See Pearch.

FARE, a Voyage, or Paffage ; or the Money paid for palling by Water, £Sfc.

For the Fares of Hackney Coach-men, Water-men, (gc. fee Coach-man, ZS>c.

FARINA, the Flower, or Powder of fome Grain, or Fulfe ground, and fiftcd from the Bran. See Flower, Pulse, Bran, &c.

The Word is pure Latin, Farina, form'd of Far, Corn, Wheat : And Far, according to Guicbard, comes from the Hebrew "D, bar, fignifying the fame Thing. ' Farina fecundans, among Naturalifts, is a fine Duft, prepar'd in the Male flowers of Plants; which being after- wards flied on the Female, does the Office of a Sperm, or Semen, by impregnating the fame. See Generation, Plant, and Flower.

The Farina ftewtdans, call'd alfo the Male-duft, and Male feed, is form'd and fecreted in the Apices, or Tops of the Stamina y where, when it becomes mature, and co- pious enough, burfting it's Capfula, it is fpik on the Head of the 'Piftil, and thence conv,ey'd to the Matrix, or Utri- cle thereof, to fa:cundify the Ova, or female Seed, con- tain'd therein, See Stamina, Apices, Pistil, and U-

TERUS.

This S)uft, in any one Plant, being view'd with a Micro- fcope ; every Particle thereof appears of the fame Size and Figure : But in different Plants, the Figure, Size, Co- lour, (ye. of the Duft, is very different. Some are clear, and tranfparent, as Cryftal ; as thofe of the Maple, Burrach, and Hemlock : Others are white, as thok of Hen-bane, Bal- famins : Others blue, as thofe of Flax: Others purple, as of fome 'Tulips : Others flefh-colour'd, as fome Species of Lychnis ; and others red, as thofe of the Geum.

It may be obferv'd, however, that the Colour of the Fa- rina varies, in the fame Species, according to the Colour of the Flower ; and even, fometimes, the Farina of the fame Flower is of different Colours; as is eafily obferv'd in the Caryophillus arvenfis.

The Figures of the divers Kinds of Faring are much harder to defcribe. The moft general Figure is the Oval, more or lefs iTiarp at the Ends, with one or more Chan- nels, or Furrows, running length-wife ; fo that through the Microfcope they look not unlike the Stone of a Date, a grain of Wheat, a Coffee-berry, or an Olive. Such are thofe of the Polygonatum, Bugles, Bryony, Tithimal, &c. Thofe of the Meiilot, arc Cylinders : Thofe of the Panfey, are Prifms, with four irregular Sides: Thofe of the great Confoiida, reprefent two cryftal Globules, clofely falten'd to each other : Thofe of the Sycamore, reprefent two Cy- linders, plac'd a-crofs : Thofe of the Jonquille, are in form of a Kidney : Thofe of the Camponulte, Faffton-flower, &c. are nearly round, but unequal in their Surfaces : Thofe of Caryopbyllus filveftris, are round, and cut in Facets : Thofe of the Geraniwn, and fome other Species, are round, with a kind of Umbelicus, or Indenture, as in an Apple, Bradley fays, they are perforated quite through, like the Bead of a Necklace, which we doubt : Thofe of the Cal- tha, Corona Solis, &c. are little Globes, fet with Prickles, Sge.

Of thefe Faring, fome are very hard ; others, foft, and eafily broke. They all contain a deal of fulphureous Mat- ters, more than the other Farts ; whence, they are very 0-

dorous. Thofe of the Lilly, are fo full of Oil, that they grcafe the Paper they are put in, as if it had been oil'a". The Farina of moll Aromatic Plants, fwim in an eflential Oil, or fore of liquid Turpentine : Others are involved in a dry Rofin ; as thefe of the Lycopodium, or Mitfcus terrc- firis clavatus. C. B. Others, as thofe of Fumitory, are in- clos'd in a little, vifcid, mucilaginous Matter ; and all, in effect, have fomething fo glutinous, that they flick to any thing, that touches them : So that 'tis difficult to feparate them from each other.

Some have imagin'd, that thefe Farina were only Par- ticles of Wax, or Rofin : But the Contrary is eafily prov'd : For they neither diflblve in Water, nor Spirit, nor Oils; even when affifted with Fire.

Mr. Bradley fuppofes a Magnetick Virtue lodg'd in the Farina f<ecnndans, or Male Duft ; by means whereof, when depofited in the Utricle of the Female, it draws the Nourifhment from the other Parts of the Plant into the Ova, or Rudiments of the Fruit, and makes them fwell. The Reality of this Virtue, he argues from the fame be- ing found in Wax, which is chiefly, or wholly gather 'd hence by the Bees. See Wax.

Some, againft the great Ufe of the Farina fiecundans in Generation, may object, that in Flowers, which hang down- wards, as the Cyclamen, gfc. the Farina facundans cannot be call on the Orifice of the Piftil : To which it may be anfwer'd, that the Piftils of fuch Flowers, hanging lower than the dully Apices which furround them, the glutinous Matter and Velvet, covering the Extremity of the Pi- ftil, may be capable of receiving, and retaining fome of the Farina, as it falls : And without any Intromiffion of the Farina, its Lodgment on the Mouth of the Piftil, may by Virtue of its attractive Power fecundify the Seed in the Uterus.— —

FARM, or Ferm, in Law, fignifies a little Country- Domain, or Diftricr, containing Houfe and Land, with o- ther Conveniences; hired, or taken by Leafe,either in Writ- ing, or Parole. See Lease.

This in divers Parts is call'd diverfely : In the North, it is a Tack; in Lancafliirc, a Fermebolt; in Effex, a Wike t &c.

The Word originally is form'd of the Latin firmus.

In the corrupted Latin, firma fignificd a Place inclos'd, or fliut in : Whence, in fome Provinces, Menage obferves, they call Cloferie, or Clofure, what in others they call Farm. Add, that we find 'locarc ad firmum, tj fignify to let, to farm ; probably, on account of the Sure hold the Tenant here has in Companion of Tenants at Will.

But Spelman, and Skinner, chufe to derive the Word Farm, from the Saxon Feorme, that is, Viftus, or Provi- sion ; by reafon the Country-people and Tenants antiently paid their Rents in Victuals, and other Neceifaries ; after- wards converted into the Payment of a Sum of Money. Whence a Ferm was originally a Place that fumifh'd its Owner or Lord with Provisions. And among the Normans, they flill diflinguifh between Farms, that pay in Kind,:', e. in Provifions; and thofe, which pay in Money; calling the former fimply Fermes, and the latter Blanche Ferme, white Farm.

Spelman fhews farther, that the Word firma fignified not only what we now call a Farm, but alfo a Feaft, of Entertainment, which the Farmer gave the Proprietor, or Landlord for a certain Number of Days, and at a certain Rate, in Confideration of the Lands, i$c. he held of him.

Thus, Fearm, in the Laws of King Canutus, is render' d by Mr. Lambard, viclus ; and thus we read of reddere fir- mam unius notlis ; and, reddebat unum diem de firma 5 which denote, Provifion for a Night, and Day ; The Rents about the Time of the Conqueft being all referved in Pro- vifions : The Cuftom whereof is faid to have been firfl al- ter'd under Henry I.

We alfo fay, to farm Duties, Imports, SJc. The Duty of Excife in Scotland is farm'd, or let to farm, for at 3 3 500 per Annum. See Excise.

FARREATION, in Antiquity, the fame with Confar- reation. See Confarreation.

FARRIER, a Perfon, whofe Office is to /hoe Horfes, and cure them, when they are difeafed, or lame. See: Shoeing, £S?c.

FARTHING, a fmall Englifb Copper Coin, amounting to J of a Penny. See Coin.

It was antiently call'd Fourthing ; as being a fourth of the Integer, or Penny. See PennV.

FASCE, Fafcia, in Heraldry. See Fesse.

FASCES, in Antiquity, were Axes, or Hatchets, tied together with Rods, and bore before the Roman Ma- giftrates, as a Badge of their Office, and Authority.

Florus, L. I. c. 5. allures us, that the Ufe of Fafces was introdue'd by the elder Tarquin, the ;' h King of Rome; and were then the Mark of the foveraign Dignity. In after Times, they were bore before the Confuls. They had each