Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/736

 EXP

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EXP

iarles, expounding, or explaining the Meaning of the hard Words of the Language. See Dictionary and Voca- bulary. i

EXPOSURE, or Exposition, m Gardening, the Afpect, or Situation of a Garden, Wail, Building, or the like, with refpect to the Sun, Winds, £SV. See Garden

There are four regular Kinds of Expojiires, viz. Eaft, Weft, North,, and South ■ But it muft be obferved, that among Gardeners, thefe Terms fignific juft the contrary to what they do among Geographers.

The Gardeners, in Effect, do not give the Names Eaft, Weft, Sec. to the Places where the Sun is 5 but to thofe whereon he mines ; and they coniider the Manner wherein he fhines, whether as to the whole Garden, or fome one of its Sides.

If they find, that the Sun at its Riling, and during the firit half of the Day, continues to fhine on one Side of a Garden or Wall ; they call that an Eaftern Expofure t or Eaft Walh & c - And if the Sun begin to fhine later, or end fooner, 'tis not a proper Eajleru Expofure.

For the fame Reafbn, they call the Weft, the Side the Sun /l lines on in the latter half of the Day, 2. e. from Noon to Night. And accordingly, the South, or South Expofure, is the Place whereon he /times, from about Nine a Clock in the Morning, till Night; or which, in the genera), he fhines Iqngeft on in the whole Day ; and the Part he fhines leaf! on, is the North, or Northern Expofure; at what Hour foever it begin or end, being ufually from 11 a Clock to 1.

Such is the Gardeners Language with Regard to the Exfofures, and particularly thofe of Walls; by which we are let into the Signification of this or the like Expref- fions, ufual among them.— My Eajt Wall proves, hits, or thrives better, than my Weft. My Eajt Fruit Trees have had fewer Showers than my Weft, Sec.

The Eaftern and Southern Expojiires are, by common Confent of all Gardeners, the two principal; and have a confiderable Advantage above the reft. A Weft Expofure is not much amifs; at leaft, 'tis better than a. Northern one, which is the worft of all. Each has its Inconve- niencies.

The Eaflern, commencing differently at different Seafons of the Year, and ending about Noon, fubjects the Trees, £?c. to the N. E. Winds, which wither the Leaves and new Shoots, blow down the Fruit, c£c. beiide that it has little Benefit of Rains, which come tnoftly from the Weft. Yet does the Reverend Mr. Lawrence judge, the Eaft better than the Weft Wall, for all Kinds of Fruit : Not that it has more Hours of Sun, or that there are any peculiar Virtues in the Eaftern Rays, but becaufe the early Rays of the Sun do fbener take off the cold chilly Dews of the Night.

M. Gentil recommends the Eaftern Expofure, as belt for all Kinds of Peaches ; adding, that they ripen foooefl, grow bigger, are better colour'd, and of a finer Taft than in any other: But Mr. Carpenter retrains the Rule to the early and middle Sorts: For the backward, he rather chufes a Southern, or South Eaft Expofure ; which is belt for all late Fruits; becaufe the Influence of the Sun is flrongeft, and continues longeft therein.

The Weftern, accounted from half an Hour paft 11, till Sun-fet, is backwardcr than an Eaftern one Dy 8 or 10 Days; but it has this Advantage, that it receives little Damage from the Frofts, which melt before the Sun comes to fhine upon the Fruit, and fall off like Dew, without doing any Prejudice : So that it may bear Apricocks, Peaches, Pears, and Plums. But it is incommoded with North Weft Winds in the Spring, as alfo the Autumn Winds, which blow down a deal of Fruit.

The Northern Expofure has le^ Sun than the Weft; yet is it not without its Advantages. In the Northerly Parts of England, it bears little elfe but Pears, Cherries, and Plums. But in the warmer Parts it ferves for Apri- cocks, which have the Advantage of continuing later, than in any other Exfcfure, befides being free from Infects.

The Southern Expofure, accounted from about 9 till 4, is recommended for Peaches, Pears, Grapes, and Plums.

EXPRESS, fomcthing that is precife, in formal Terms, or for fome particular Defign.

I told him as much in Exprefs Terms : He gave me a Commiflion Exprefs : He had Exprefs Orders. A Cou- rier was difpatch'd Exprejs.

We alfo fay, fomewhat abufively, to fend an Exprefs, meaning a Courier. See Courier.

EXPRESSED Oils, are fuch as are procured from Bo- dies, only by prefling; as the Oils of Olives, Almonds, and the like. Sec Oil and Expression.

EXPRESSION, in Medicine, Chyrmftry, & c. the Act of Exprejfwg, or extracting the Juices of Plants, Fruits, and other Matters, by fqueezing, wringing, or preffing them in a Prefs. See Press,

After having let the Herbs infufe their due Time their Juice muft be drawn by Expreffion in a Linen Qo'th " or under a Prefs. See Infusion.

Expression, the Manner of delivering, or convey ine a Man's Ideas to another. **

The Simplicity of the Expreffion, leaves the Grandeur or Linlenefs of the Thought, to be perceiv'd.

Expreffion is particularly ufed for the Elocution, Di£tio n and Choice of Words in a Difcourfe. — 'Tis not enough a Poet, or Orator, have fine Thoughts, he muft likewife have a happy Expreffion. Defects in the Expreffion or- dinarily arife from Defects in the Imagination. Abundance of the Beauties of the ancient Writers, are attached either to an Expreffion peculiar to their Language 5 or to Rela- tions, which not being- fo familiar to us as to them, do not give us the fame Pleafure. 2)e la Matte.

Expression, in Painting, the natural and lively Repre- fentation of the Subject, or of the feveral Objects intended to be fhewn. See Painting.

The Expreffion confifts principally in reprefenting the human Body, and all its Parts, in the Action fuitable to it; in exhibiting in the Face, the fevera] Paffions proper to the Figures ; and obferving the Motions they imprefs on the other external Parts. See Altitude.

The Term Expreffion, is ordinarily confounded with that of Paffion : But they differ in this, that Expreffion is a general Term, implying a Reprefentation of an Object,. agreeably to its Nature and Character, and the Lift, or Office it is to have in the Work ; and Paffion, in Paint- ing, is a Motion of the Body, accompanied with certain Difpofitions, or Airs of the Face, which mark an Agitation in the Souk. So that every Paffion is an Expreffion ; but not every Expreffion a Paffion. See Passion.

Itbe Laws, or Rules of Expreffion in Taint ing.

Expreffion, wehavefaid, is a Reprefentation of Things according to their Character ; and may be confider'd either with refpect to the Subjecl in general; or to the Saf- fians peculiar thereto.

I. With regard to the SubjetJ, 'tis to be obferved, i°. That all the Parts of the Compofition are to be trans forin'd, or reduced, to the Character of the Subject ; fo as they may confpire to imprefs the fame Sentiment, Paflion, or Idea : Thus, e. gr. in a Reprefentation of Joy and Peace, every Thing is to appear calm and agreeable; of War, turbu- lent, and full of Terror, &c.

2 . In Order to^fKIspTf^arfy ' Circumftance occur in Hiftory, or Defcription, that would invert, or take from the Idea ; it muft be fupprefTed ; unlefs effential to the Subject.

g°. To this End, the Hiftory, or Fable, is to be well flu- died in the Authors who defcribe it, in Order to conceive its Nature and Character truly, and imprefs it ftrongly on the Imagination ; that it may be diffufed and carried thro' all the Parts of the Subjects See Action, Fa- ble, &c.

4 . A Liberty to be taken of chufing favourable Inci- dents, in order to diverflfie the Expreffion ; provided they be not contrary to the principal 'image of the Subject, or the Truth of Hiflory. See Episode.

5 . The Harmony of the tout Enfemble to be particu- larly regarded, both with regard to the Actions, and the Light and Colour. See Clair bbfeure.

6°. The Modes and Cufioms to be obferved ; and every Thing made conformable to Time, Place, and Quality. See Custom.

7 . The three Unities of Time, Place, and Action, to be obferved .- That is, nothing to be reprefentcd in the fame Picture, but what paffes at the fame Time, and may be feen at the fame View.

II. With regard to the particular 'Paffions and Jffeclions of the Subject; the Rules are, i°. That the Paffions of Brutes are few and fimple, and have aimoft aH an imme- diate Refpect, either to S elf-Prefer vation, or the Propaga- tion of the Kind ; But, in Men, there is more Variety ; and accordingly, more Marks and Exprcffions thereof Hence, Man can move his Eye-brows, which, in Brutes, are immoveable: And can likewife move the Pupil every- way, which Brutes cannot.

a°. Children, having not the Ufe of Reafon, act much on the Footing of Brutes-; and exprefs the Motions of their Paffions directly, and without Fear or Difguife.

3 . Tho' the Paffions of the Soul, may be exfrefs'd by the Actions of the Body ; tis in the Face they are prin- cipally fhewn; and particularly in the Turn of the Eye, and the Motion of the Eye-brows.

4 . There are two Ways of lifting up the Eye-brows, the one at the middle, which likewife draws up the Cor-, ners of the Mouth, and argues pieafant Motions: The other, at the Point next the Nofc, which draws up the middle of the Mouth, and is the Effect of Grief and Sadnefs.

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