Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/724

 EXC

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EXC

The Exarch, after having greatly enrich'd himfelf in his Pofi; frequently rifes to the 'Patriarchate himfelf. See Patriarch. .

Exarch, is alfo ufed, in the Eaftem-Chwcb Antiquity, for a General, or Superior over feveral Monaftenes : The fame that we otherwife call Archimandrite ; being ex- empted, by the Patriarch of Confiantmopie, from the : Ju- rifdicliou of the Bifhops; as are now the Generals ot the Ro>»ip Monaflic Orders. See General, (5c.

In 493, Sebas was eftablilh'd Exarch, or Chief ot all the Anchorites within the Territory of Jerusalem. 2J» Son.

Exarch was alfo a military Dignity. See Zte Cange.

EXARTICULATION, a Dijlocation of fome of the jointed Bones ; or a Breach of Articulation. See Dislo-

EXCALCEATION, the Ace of putting off the Shoes. See Shoe.

Among the Hebrews, there was a particular Law, whereby a Widow, whom her Husband's Brother refufed to mairy, had a Right to fummons him into a Court of Juitice ;_ and upon his Refufal, might difcalceate him, i. e. pull off one of his Shoes, and fpit in his Face : Which were both Actions of great Ignominy among that People.

The Houfe of the Perfon who Had undergone them, was thenceforward call'd the Houic of the 'Dij'calceated.

EXCAVATION, the A9 of hollowing, or digging a Cavity j particularly in the Ground.

The Excavation of the Foundations of a Building, by the Italians call'd Cavafione, is fettled by Palladia at a fixth Part of the Height of the whole Building. Unlefs there be Cellars under Ground, in wilier Cafe he would have it fomewhat more. See Foundation.

The Word is Latin, Excavatio, form'd of ex and cavus hollow, or Ca-vea, a Pit, &c.

EXCELLENCY, a Quality, or Title of Honour, given to Ambaffadors, and other Perfons, who are not qualified for that of Miglmefs ; as not bung Princes j and yet are to be elevated above the other inferior Dignities. See Quality.

In England and France, the Title is now peculiar to EmbafTadors 5 but very common in Germany and Italy. Thofc it was firft affected to, were the Princes of the Blood, of the feveral Royal Houfes ; but they quitted it for that of Highnefs, upon feveral great Lords afluming Excellency. See Highness.

The EmbafTadors have only bore it fince the Tear 1593, when Henry IV. of France tent the Duke de Nevers, Embaffador to the Pope ; where he was firft complemented with Excellency. After that, the fame Appellation was given to all the other Embafladors refiding at that Coutt : irom whence the Practice fpread thro' the other Courts. See Embassador.

The Embafladors of Venice have only had it fincc the Tear 1636, when the Emperor and King of Spiam con- fented to allow it them.

The Embai.adors of Crown'd Heads, difputc the giving that Title to the Embafladors from the Princes ot Italy ; where the Practice is not eftabliJh'd.

The Court ot Rome never allow the Quality of Excel- lency to any Embaiiador who is a Churchman, as judging it a fecular Title.

The" common Rules and Meafures of Excellency are a little varied with Refpect to the Court of Rome. — The Embafladors of France, at Rome, antiently gave the Title Excellency to all the Relations of the Pope then reign- ing ; to the Conftable Colonne, to the Duke de JSraccia.no, and the eldeft Sons of all thofe Lords 5 as alfo the Dukes Savelii, Cefariui, &c. But they are now more relerved 5n this Relped ; tho' they ftill treat all the Roman Prin- sefles with Excellency.

The Court of Rome in their Turn, and the Roman Princes, bellow the fame Title on the Chancellor, Minifters, and Secretaries of State, and Prefident of the Soveraign Courts in France ; the Preildcnts of the Councils in Spain ; the Chancellor of Poland ; and thofe in the firft Dignities of other States, if they be not Ecclefiafticks.

The Word Excellency, was antiently a Title of Kings and Emperors ; accordingly, Anaftafius the Library-Keeper, calls Charlemaign, His Excellency. The fame Title is ftill given to the Senate of Venice 5 where, after fainting the Doge under the Title of SereniJJimo, the Senators are addreffed to under Tour Excellencies. The Liber Xtiur- mis Pontif. Rom. gives the Title Excellency to the Exarchs and Patricians. See Title.

The Italians and French have improved on fimple Excellency; and made ExcellentiJJimus, Excellentiffimo, which has been bellowed on certain Popes, Kings, SSc.

EXCEPTION, a Referve ; or fomething fet alide, and not included in the Rule. See Rule.

'Tis become proverbial, that there is no Rule, but has its Exceptions ; intimating, that it is impoflible to com- prehend all the particular Cafes under one and the fame

Maxim. 'Tis dangerous following the Exception, preferably to the Rule. r *

Exception, in Law, is a Stop, or Stay to an Aaion See Action.

The Term is ufed indifferently both in the Civil, atl) j q m mon Law ; and in each, Exceptions are divided into 2)' la tory and 'Peremptory. See Dilatory and Per.emv- To ^y~ Exception, in a general Senfe, includes all the Kinds" of Defence, or Vindication, which a Perfon, againft whom a Procefs is brought, makes ufe of to prevent, or retard its Effecl. See Plea, J5 c . ■

The Civilians reckon three Kinds of Exception ; viz. ^Declinatory, whereby the Authority of the Jud»e or Court, is difallowed ; 'Dilatory, intended to defer, or pic- vent the Thing from coming to an IfTue ; and Pe- remptory, which are proper and pertinent Allegations founded on fome Prefcription that ftands for the Defen- dant j as Want of Age, or other Quality in che Party ; or other Matter, that may be decided without entering into a full DifcufHon of the Merits of the Caufe. " Exceptive Propofitions, are thofe wherein fomethinp is affirm 'd of a whole Subject, abating fome one of the Parts thereof, which is excepted by a Particle, thence call'd an Exceptive Particle, or Particle of Exception. See Proposition.

Thus, all the Sects of the antient Philofophers, except the Platonifis, held God to be Corporeal. Covetoufneis is inexcufable in Refpect of every Thing, but Time.

EXCESS, is diftinguifh'd into Natural and Moral: The firft, is a Part whereby one Quantity is greater than another. — Thus, we fay, this Line is longer than that j but the Excefs is inconfiderable.

The latter, is an Intemperance, or going beyond the juft Bounds and Meafures prescribed to any Thing : Thus, we fay, Excefs in Wine, Women, &c. is prejudicial to the Health.

EXCHANGE, a Permutation, or an Agreement; where- by one Thing is truck'd or given for another. See Permu- tation.

The firft Commerce carried on among Men, was by Exchange -j People furnifhing each other mutually with what 1'hings they wanted : But fuch Exchanges were clogg'd with two confiderable Difficulties. i°. On Account of the unequal "Values of Commodities : And, 2 . In that every Body had not juft what might accommodate him he would Exchange ^withal. See Commerce.

To remove thefe rnconvehiencies, Money was invented for a common Medium, and initead ot Exchanging, Buy- ing and Selling, was Introduced. Se. Monzy.

Yet there are Nations among whom the Primitive Way of Exchange ftill obtains : And even among the moft ci- vilized People, there are frequent Occasions, wheron rhey have Recourfe to this Method. — Such, for Inftance, is the Trade of feveral Cities of the North, and 'Baltic Sea where the French exchange their Wines and Brandies for Woods, Metals, Hemps and Furs.

The Commerce of Bills of Exchange is, it felf, a pure trading by Exchange ; a Track of Money for Money ; of Money, for Inftance, which i have here at London, for what a Merchant, or Banker, has at Vtnice, Home, \dm- fterdam, or Constantinople. In this Senfe.

Exchange properly denotes the Bufincfs, or Trade of Money, carried on between one Place and another, by Means of Bills of Exchange ; i. e. by giving Money in one City, and receiving a Bill to entitle you to receive the Value in another City. See "Bill of Exchange.

Exchange, is alfo ufed for the Profit, which a Mer- chant, Negotiant, or Broker, receives for a Sum of M6ney paid, and for which a Bill of Exchange is drawn payable in fome other Place, and by fome- other Perfon ; for the Intcreft of his Money, or the Salary and Reward of his Negociation.

This Profit is exceeding various ; being fomctimes 2, fomctimes 3, 4, or even 10 and 15 per Cent, according as the Alloy ot the Species differs, or as Money is more or lefs plentiful, or Bills of Exchange more or lefs fcarce in the Places. This Kind of Exchange is ordinarily calPd Real Exchange, and fometimes Mercantile and mixt Excha?ige. See Par.

The Price of Exchange is regulated according to the Courfe of the Place where the Bill is drawn, or that of the Place where the Remittance is to be made : Some pretend that 'tis the City of Lyons gives the Law, or Rule, for the Price of Exchange to moft of the other Cities of Europe.

The Word Exchange, according to fome, is derived from that perpetual Alteration obferv'd in the Price of this Ex- change, which is fometimes higher, and fometimes lower; there being fometimes fomewhat to get, and fometimes to lofe thereby ; and fomctimes nothing to be either got or loft : As is the Cafe when the Exchange is at Par.

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