Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/716

 ETH

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ETY

Manners, as the Means to arrive thereat. See Happiness, Virtue, g?c.

ETHICOPROSCOPTES, in Antiquity, the Name of a Seft.

2}amnfcetius, in his Treatifc of Herefies, tells us, that the Denomination Ethicoprofcoptes was given to fuch as err'd in Matters of Mow lit)', and Things relating to Practice, that were to be done, or be avoided, &c. who blamed Things laudable, and good in themfelves, or re- commended or practifed Things Evil. Which ffiews, that they were no particular Sect.

The Word is foim'd of the Greek, »*©-, Maimers, and •treye-Axlir™, offendo, I offend.

ETHMOIDAL, Ethmoibalis, in Anatomy, one of the Sutures of the Human Cranium. See Suture.

The common Sutures are thofe which feparate the Bone of the Cranium from thofe of the Cheeks ; and are four : The Tranfverfal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal, and Zy- gomatical. See Cranium.

The Ethmoidal takes its Denomination from its turning round the Os Ethmoides. See Ethmoides.

ETHMOIDES, in Anatomy, a Bone fituate in the mid- dle of ihc Balis of the Pore-head, r,r Os frontis, and at the Top of the Root of the Nofe ; filling almofl the whole Cavity of the Koftrils. Sec Nostrils.

It "has its Name from tiSft©-, Cribrmn., Sieve, and £ J 1 ©-, Form 5 becaufe all fpongeous and cribrous.

By its cribrous Part it is joyn'd to the Head ; by the fpongeous Part, to the Cavity o'f the Nollrils ; and by the plain and broad Part, to the Orbits of the Eyes.

In the cribrcus Part is an Apophyfis, which jets out, in a Point, into the Cavity of the Skull ; call'd, from its Fi- gure, Cr/fra Galii, or Cock's Comb. From its under Side, there gues a'thin Bone, which divides the Cavity of the Noftnis into two, call'd the Vomer. It is perforated by a Number of fmall Holes, thro' which the Fibres of the olfactory Nerves pafs to the Trocejfiis Mamillares.

J. '-Philip ingrafftas, a Sicilian, (who flourilh'd about the Year 1545, was the firft who gave a juft Account of the Structure of the Os Ethmoides or Cribroptm. See ISose.

ETHNARCHA, Ethnarch, a Govcrnour, or Com- mander of a Nation. See Tetrarch.

There are fome Medals of Herod I. furnamed the Great, on one Side whereof is found HPQAOr, and on the other E0NAPKOT, q. d. Heroi the Ethnarch : Now, after the Battel of thilippi, we read that Anthony paffing over into Syria, conflitutcd Herod and 'Phafael his Brother, Tetrarchs, and in that Quality committed to them the Admmiftration of the Affairs of Judea. Jof. Ant. Z.XIV. C. 23. Herod therefore had the Government of the Pro- vince before ever the <Parthians enter'd Syria, or before Autigomis's Invafion, which did not happen till fix or feven Years after Herod was Commander in Galilee. Tof. L. XIV. C. 24, 25.

Consequently, Herod was then truly Ethnarch ' ; for he can be no otherwife denominated : So that it mull have been in that Space of Time that the Medals were ffruck which only give him this Title. Which Medals are a Con- firmation of what we read in Hiftoty of the Government that Prince was intrufled withal e're he was rais'd to the Royalty.

Jofefbus gives Herod the Appellation of Tetrarch, in lieu of that of Ethnarch ; but the two Terms came fo near to each other, that it was very eafy to confound them together. See Tetrarch.

Tho' Herod the Great left by Will, to Archelaits, all Juiea, Samaria, and Idumea ; yet, Jofepbus tells us, he was then only call'd Ethnarch.

^ The Word is Greek, form'd of sSf©-, Nation, and <*?X"> Command..

ETHNOPHRCNES, in Antiquity, the Name of a Sect. See Sect.

The Etbnophrones, or 'Paganizers, were Hereticks of the Vllth Century, who made a Profeffion of Chriflianity bat joyn'd thereto all the Ceremonies and Follies of Pa- gamlm, as Judiciary Altrology, Sortileges, Auguries ; and other Divinations.

And hence their Denomination ; from id,®-, Nation, and W «, Thought Sentiment, q. d. whol'e Thoughts, or Sentiments were frill Heathen or Gentile.

Theypraftifed all the Expiations of the Gentiles, held all their Feafls, obferved all their Days, Months, Times, and Seafons. See tuamafcenus, L. Hertef N 04

ETHOPOE1A, or ETHOPEA, in Rhetoric, call'd alfo Ethology, and vulgarly 'PiOure, or Portrait ■ is a Draught, or Defcription, exprefling the Manners, Paffiens Genius, Temper, Aims, tSc. of another Petfon.' " '

Such is that beautiful Paffage in Salufl, in his »,>&,»

Catilmarmm, wherein he gives us a Picture of r / Fnit magna vi & animi iS Corporis led I,,J-'.;„ "'^ pravoaue huic, &c. ' He had an uncommon Strength S ' of Body and Mind ; but an ill turn'd, and 1 wicked r T

pont.on. When a very Boy, his great Pleafnre was in

mtcfline Broils, Rapine, Slaughter, and civil Difcord ' His Body was form'd to undergo Falling, Cold Jj ' Watching, beyond all Belief. His Mind was darin'» de ' ceittul and various ; and could imitate, or accommodate ' it felt to any Body: Jfle Wils extremely covetous 'of

other People s Goods, and profufe of his own withal ' His Lulls and Defires were very high ; his Stock of ' Eloquence coniidcrable ; but his Diferction fcarce any '

The Ethopata is divided into 'Profograpbia, and E'rho- pma, properly fo call'd ; the former of which is a Picture of the Body, Countenance, Make, Dre.'s, Gait, &e. and the latter of the Mind.

The Word is of Greek original, being form'd of ij*©-, mos, confuetudo, and irana, facia, fingo, defcribo. Suin- tilian, L. IX. C. a. calls this Figure Imitatio morula alienormn ; and in Greek, pitairtt, Imitation.

ETYMOLOGY, that Part of Grammar, which confi- ders, deduces, and explains the Origin and Derivation of Words ; in order to arrive at their firft and primary Sig- nification. Seo Grammar.

The Word is form'd of the Greek, %Tvy.©-, vents, true, and Kpa, dico, I fpeak ; whence Koyi<t, TtiJ'coitrfe, ike. and thence Cicero calls the Etymology, Notatio, and Veri- loqiuum: Tho' Qiiintilian chufes rather to call it Ori- ginatio.

In all Ages thete have been People curious in Etymolo- gies : Varro has wrote on the Etymology of the Latin Words; and we have a Greek Etymologicon, under the Name of Nicas.

The Etymologies of our Englifi Words have been de- duced from the Saxon, Weljh, Walloon, Danifi, Latin, Greek, &c. by Somner, Cambden, Ferjlegan, Spelman Cafatibon, Henjhaw, Skinner, Junius, b\c. See English!

Thofe ot the French and Italian Words, by Menage, in what he calls his Origines : Henry Stephens, Tripot, Sorel, &c. have alfo laboured on the French Etymologies. Guichard, and Fa. Thomajfin, have carried the Etymolo- gies of Abundance of French Words as high as the Hebrew. 'Fojlel nad the fame Dcfign before them.

We have a Latin Etymologicon of Gerard VoTms, ano- ther of Martinius, &c. Oclavto Ferrari, has an Etymology of the Italian Tongue .- A-nd Seniard d'Aldretta ano- ther of the Spanijlj.

Fa. CDom. 'Pezroi:, Abbot of Charmoye, and Pricfl of the Sorbonne, has traced up to the Celtic Language the Etymmogies of Abundance of Greek, Latin, German, French, and other Words, ufed by 'Plato, Serums, Donatus, and other Latin Authors without knowing their true Origin, and Etymology, for Want of being acquainted with the Roots ot the Celtic Tongue, from which Abundance of Greek, Latin, eke. Words are derived. But it muft be added, that his Etymologies are frequently fo far fetch'd that one can fcatce fee any Refemblance, or Correfpon- dence at all. r

A ftrift, and foilicitous Enquiry into Etymologies is no frivolous, and impertinent Dcfign ; but has considerable Ufes. Nations, who value rhemfelveson their Antiquity, have always look'd on the Antiquity of their Language as one of the beft Titles they cou'd plead. For the Etymologih by fecking the true, and original Realon of the Notions and Ideas attach'd to each Word, and Exprelfion, may often furnifli an Argument of Antiquity from the Vellima or traces remaining thereof; and from the Indices ftil fub- filting in the prefent Ufe of the Words, compared with the antient Ufes.

Add that Etymologies are neccrTary for the thorough Underltanding ot a Language : For, to explain a Term precilely, there feems a Neceflity of recurring to its firft Inapofition in Order to fpeak juftly and fatisfactorily thereof. The Force and Extent of a Word is generally better concciv'd, and enter'd into, when a Pcrfon knows its Origin and Etymology.

'Tis objefled, however, that the Art is arbitrary, and built altogether on Conjectures and Appearances ; and rhe Etymoicgifts are charged with deriving their Words from where they pleafe. But the Science is certainly real, and as regular as divers others ; having its proper Principles, and Method.

It muft be own'd, indeed, that it is no cafy Matter to return into the antient Sritijb, and Gaulifi Ages ; to follow, as it were by the Track, the divers imperceptible Alterations a Language has undergone from Age to Age. A fober EtynlotogiJt nas need of all the Lights he can come at, to conduct and bring down Words varioully dif-

guis'd