Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/715

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ETH

or lopping them further than the Law allows, Sgc. Star, Edu. VI.

The Word is derived from the French, Eftrofisr, t6 maim ; or the Latin, extirp&re.

Estrepement, is al r o a Writ which lies in two Cafes ; the one, when a Man having an Action depending, (where- in the Demandant is not to recover Damages as a Writ of Right, dtim fun infra tetatew, &c.) fues, to inhibit the Tenant from making Waft during the Suit.

The other is for the Demandant who is adjudged to re- cover S Jfin of the Land in Queition, and before Execution, for fear of Wafte to be made ere he can get Poileffion, files out this Writ.

ESULA, a medicinal Root. The Mjuta, is properly the Bark of a little reddifh Root, which produces green, nar- row, milky Leaves. It grows chiefly in France. 'Ere they uft it, 'tis infufed in Vinegar : After which, they draw Extracts from it, ufed in the Dropfy.

ESURINE Safes, are fuch as are of a fretting, eating) or corroding Nature; which chiefly abound in Places near the Sea-nde, and where great Quantity of Coal is burnt : As appears from the fpeedy rufting of Iron in fuch Places. Sec Salt.

ETAPPE, in War, the Allowance of Provisions and Forage made to the Soldiers, upon March thro' a King- dom or Province, to or from Winter Quarters.

Hence, he that contracts with the Country, or Territory, for turr.iOung the Troops in their March, is called

Et APPIER.

ETCHING, a Method of Engraving on Copper 5 wherein the Lines, or Strokes, inftead of being cut with a Tool, or Graver, are eat with Aqua fortis. See En- graving.

Etching was invented much about the fame Time with Engraving on Copper, properly fo call'd 3 by Alb. 1)urer, and Lucas. It has feveral Advantages over that Art ; as, that it is done with more Eafe and Expedition ; that it requires fewer Instruments 5 and even, that it reprcfents divers Kinds of Subjects better, and more agreeably to Nature, as Landfkips, Ruins, Grounds, and all fmall, faint, loofe, remote Objects, Buildings, ££c.

The Method of Etching is thus : The Plate being well polifh'd, is heaved ever the Fire 5 and when hot, cover'd over with a peculiar Ground, or Varnifh. When cold again, the Ground is blackened with the Smoak of a Candle ; and on this Ground, thus blacken 'd, the Back of the Defign, or Draught, is laid.

This done, the Defign remains to be calk'd, or tranf- fcrt'd upon the Plate b which is more eaflly effected, than in the common Graving,; for the Back of the Defign hav- ing been before rubb'd over with red C halk, nothing remains but to trace over all the Lines and Strokes of the Draught with a Needle or Point $ which preffing the Paper clofe down to die Ground, occafions the Wax therein to lay hold of the Chalk, and fo bring off the Marks of the feveral Lines: So as at length, to ihew a Copy of the whole Defign in all its Correctness.

The Draught thus calk'd, the Artift proceeds to draw the feveral Lines, and Contours with a Point, thro' the Ground, upon the Copper.

To finifn his Work, he makes ufe of Points of divers Sizes, cr Bigneftes ; and preffes on them fometimes more firongly, and fometimes more lightly, according as the feveral Parts of the Figures, ££c. require more or lefs Strength or Boldnefs : Some of the Points being as fine as Needles, for the tender, Hair ftroaks, and the remoter, fainter Objects 3 and others again, as big as Bodkins, made oval-wife, for the deeper Shadows, and the Figures an the Front of the Work.

Things thus prepared, a Rim, or Border of Wax, is rais'd round the Circumference of the Plate, and Aqua fortis pour'd on ; which, by the faid Border, is kept from running off at the Edges.

The Ground being impenetrable to that corrofive Water, the Plate is defended from it every where but in Lines, or Hatches, cut thro' it with the Points ; which, lying open, the Water pafTes thro' them to the Copper, and eats into the fame, to the Depth required : Which done, it is pour'd off again.

Of Etching Grounds, it muft be obferved, there are two Kinds 5 the one foft, and the other jbard. There are alfo two Kinds of Aqua fortis : The one White, which is only ufed with the foft Ground, and is applied as above directed : The other Green, made of Vinegar, Common Salt, Sal Ammoniac and Verdegreafe. This is ufed indif- ferently with either Kind of Ground : Its Application is lomewnat different from that of the White.

Without making any Border, they pour it on the Plate, which is placed for that Purpofe a little inclined 5 and as the Water runs off, it is received in a Veflel placed under-

neath. This they repeat, pouring it again and again, till it has eaten deep enoughs

Add, that the Aqua fortis, of which Kind foever it be, muft not continue equally long, or be pour'd equally often, on all the Parts of the Defign. The remote Parts muft be bitten more flightly, than thofe nearer to the View-

To manage this, they have a Compofition of Oil and Greafe, wherewith they cover the Parts that are to be bitten no further. Or elfe they lay the Compofition on as a defenfirive at firft, and take it off again when they find proper/ In Effect, they are every now and then cover- ing and uncovering this or that Part of the Defign, asi Occafion requires 5 the Conduct of the Aqua fortis being one of the principal Concerns in the whole Art, and that on which the Effect of the whole very much depends* The Operator is alfo to be very attentive to the Ground, that it don't fail, or give Way, in any Part, to the Water- and where it does, to Sop up the Place with the Compofi- tion aforefaid.

Laftly, it is to be remember'd, that a freti Dip of Aqua forth be never given, without firft wauling out the Plate in fair Water, and drying it at the Fire.

The Aqua fortis having done its Part, the Ground is taken off, and the Plate wafh'd and dried ; after which nothing remains but for the Artift to examine it with his Graver in his Hand, to touch it up, and heighten it, where the Aqua fortis, &c. has mifs'd.

ETERNITY, an Attribute of God, whereby the DUra^ tion of his Exiftence is conceiv'd incommenfurable with Time, and excluiive of Beginning, Progrefs, Ending, &c* See God, Time, &c.

Authors are terribly ftraighten'd for a proper and juffe Definition of Eternity. That of Boetfrius de Confot* Thilof. L. V. Pr. 6. viz. Interminabilis vit&, tota fimul t$ perfetla poffiffio, i. e. a perfetl c Po[fe f Jion of a whole endlefs Exiftence all together, or at one, tho' retain'd by S. "Thomas, and others, is Faulty in divers Re ;.ects.

Cenforinus, de c JJie Natal, defines Eternity, h\ frjnite 'Duration; that is, Duration which has always' been, and always will be. —Others, more fully d.fcribe it by a Du- ration that exifts all together, without any ^lux, or Suc- ceilion of Parts, prior, or pofterior to each other : W : iere, the Word ^Duration, taken abftiactedly, imports no more than the Perieverance of a Thing in Exiftence $ the 7J durare, being here oppo r ed to the m effare, in Exiftendo. But foften the Word duration how you will, it is fcarce conceiveable, but by conceiving a Quantity thereof ; nor a Quantity, without conceiving a Succeffion. — Others, there- fore, define Eternity by a perpetuuw nunc, a perpetual now j or a nunc femper fans, an ever-ftandwg notv : But neither are the'e unexceptionable ; the Words perpe- tuum, and feraper-ftans, importing an obfeure Sort of Duration* See Duration.

ETESIAN Winds. See Winds. ETHER. See JEther.

ETHERIAL Oil, a Name the Cbymifts give to high rectified Oils, which differ iittie from inflammable Spirits; fuch are Oil of Turpentine, &c. See Oil, Spirit, $$c. ETHICKS, Ethic a, a Term originally Greek, »3/iuf, applied to the Doifrine of Morality, or Moral 'Phi- lofophy. See Philosophy.

Gale makes Ethicks o^ly the firfl Part, or Branch of Moral Philofophy, viz. that which regards private Pcrfons, or in a private Capacity. See Moral.

The Word is form'd from w-3-©-, >»£ij, Mores, Manners ; by Reason the Scope, or Object thereof, is to form the Manners. See Manners.

Now, by Manners, is here meant a Way, or Manner of Living, confirm'd by Cuftom, or Habit ; or certain Habi- tudes of doing ; or Actions which are often repeated : Which, if they be according to right Reafon, the Morals, or Manners, are faid to be Good j otherwife Evil and vjtious. See Good and Evil.

Hence, the Object of Ethicks, is the Exercise of right Reafon, in all our Affairs, Actions and Circumftances ; or it is Man himfelf coniider'd as dirigible, and to be conducted according to Reafon : .And the End of Ethicks, is to make him good and happy. For that if a Man conduct himfelf, according to right Reafon, in all the Cir- cumirances of his Actions, Affairs and Relations, he will arrive at the higheft Pitch of Moral Perfection and Bea- titude.

Whence, Ethicks may be defined a right Manner of thinking, in order to attain human Felicity ; or a Difci> pline whereby Man is directed to conduct his Will, and the Actions thereof, fo as to live well and happily. See Will. The principal, nay, the only Topieks thereof, are Hap- pinefs and Manners; whence arife two Parts, or Branches of Ethicks j the firft on moral Happinefs, confider'd as the End ; and the fecond on Moral Virtues, or good B bb *■ Man-