Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/674

 ENG

t 3^3 ]

ENG

tifed in War, to fignifie the Soldiers who march at the Head of a Body of Forces appointed to fuftain them; in Order to begin an Attack, make an Aflault, or force a Pott. At prefent 'tis the Grenadiers that ufually begin fuch Attacks. See Perdus.

ENFILADE, a French Term, fometimes ufcd in En- Zlijb. It fignifies a Series, or Continuation, of feveral Things, difpofed, as it were, in the fame Thread or

As an Enfilade of Rooms, of Boors, of Buildings, $5c< It is alfo ufed figuratively; as a long Enfilade of Stories, Examples, Narrations, &c. .„,„„,

The Word is form'd of the French Verb Enfiler, to firing a Thing, which is compounded of en, in, and fil, or fihm, Thread; q. d. a Thread, or String, of any

Thing. mi ii

Enfilade, in War, is applied to Trenches, and other Lines, which are Enfiled, i. e. in a Line, and fo may be fcour'd, or fwept, by the Canon length-wife, or in the Direction of the Line, and render'd almoft dcfencelefs.

Care mufl be taken that the Lines be not Enfikd : On the contrary, the Covert Line muft be Enfiled, that the Enemy may be driven out of it.

The laft Soy an, or Gut of the Trenches, is fubjedt to the Enfilade; that is, to be fcour'd according to its Length.

A 'battery d 1 Enfilade, is that where the Canon rale a right Line. A 'Pofi, or Command d? Enfilade, is a Height from which one may fweep a whole right Line at once. The Cannon play on the FoJJ'e by Enfilade. The Trenches are to be driven out of the Enfilade, i. e. arc to be car- ried winding.

ENFRANCHISEMENT, the Incorporating any Man into a Society, or Body politic.

For Example : He that by Charter is made Denizen of England, is faid to be Eufranchifed : The like underflood of a Perfon made a Citizen of London, or other City, or corporate Town 5 by Reafon he is thereby made Partaker of the Liberties appertaining to the Corporation whereof he is Enfranchifed.

ENGASTRIMYTHUS, or ENGASTRIMANDER, a Perfon who freaks from, or with, the Belly 5 without open- ing the Mouth; or, if open, without flirring the Lips.

Thus call'd by the Greeks, from &? 3?<*fn?j Belly, and pv&& 9 Speech; and by the Latins Ventriloquus, quafi ex ventre Loquens. See Ventriloqjjous.

The antient Phiiofphers, &c. are divided on the Subject of the Engafirimythi; Hippocrates mentions it as a Dif- eaft. Others will have it a Kind of Divination, and afcribe the Origin, and firft Difciplinc thereof, to one Euryclus, whom no Body knows any Thing of.

Others attribute it to the Operation, or Poffeffion, of an Evil Spirit : And others to Art, and Mechanifm.

The moll eminent Engafirimythi, were the c I > ythid's, or Priefteffes of Apollo, whd' deliver' d Oracles from within, without any Action of the Mouth or Lips. See Pythia.

St. Chryfofiom and Oeaimenius, make exprefs Mention of a Sort of Divine Men, call'd by the Greeks Engafiri- mctndri, whofe prophetic Bellies pronounced famous Oracles. See Oracle.

M. Schottv.s, Library-Keeper to ^the King of c Prujfia, in a Differtation on the Apotheofis of Homer, maintains, that the Engafirimythi of the Antients, were only Poets, who, when the Prieflefs could not fpeak in Verfc, fupplied the Defect, by explaining, or delivering, in Verfe, what Apollo dictated in the Cavity, or Belly, of the Bafon, that flood on the facred Tripod: See Tripod.

Leo Allatius has an exprefs Trcatife of Engafirimythi, entitled, de Evgafirimytho, Syntagma.

ENGENDRlNG, the Act of begetting, or producing the Kind, by Way of Generation. See Generation.

The Term is likewife applied to other Productions of Nature : Thus, Meteor % are faid to be Engendered in the middle Region of the Air. See Meteor.

Crude Fruits Engender Worms. See Worms.

The Antients bcliev'd that Infects were Engendered of Putrefaction. See Insect.

ENGINE, a compound Machine, or Instrument; con- fifting of feveral fimple ones, as Wheels, Screws, Levers, or the like, combined together 5 in Order to lift, calf, or fuftain a Weight, or produce fome other considerable Effect, fo as to fave either Time, or Force. See Machine.

The Word is form'd of the French Engin, of the Latin Jngenhim, Wit, Ingenuity $ by Reafon 'there is Ingenuity required in the Contrivance of Engines, to augment the Effect of moving Powers. See Powers.

The Kinds of Engines are infinite : Some for War, as the Balifia, Catapult a, Scorpio, Aries, &c. Others for the Arts of Peace, as Mills, Cranes, Trejjes, Clocks, Watches, Engines to raife Water, to cxtinguifh Fire, & c. which fee under their respective Articles Mill, Clock, Wheel, P&ess, FiRz-Engine, ckc. See alfo Instrument.

ENGINEER, in its general Senfe, is applied to a Con- triver, or Maker, of any Kind of ufeful Engines, or Ma- chines. But, in its proper Senfe, it denotes an Officer in an Army, or fortified Place, whofe Office is to concert, and infpect Attacks, Defences, Works, &c.

An Engineer fhould be an able and expert Mathema- tician, particularly verfed in Military Architecture and Gunnery; being often fent to view and examine the Places intended to be attack'd, to chufe out and ihew the General the weakeft Place, to draw the Trenches, aflign the Places of Arms, Galleries, Lodgments on the Counterfcarp, and half Moon 5 conduct the Works, Saps, Mines, £?c. and appoint the Workmen their nightly Talk : ■ He alfo makes the Lines of Countervallation, with the Redoubts, &c. from Space to Space.

Under the new Efhiblifhment of the Office of his Ma- jefty's Ordnance, are fix Engineers, and four Sub- Engineers. See Ordnance.

ENGLECERIE, ENGLECHERIE, or ENGLES- CHYRE, a Term of great Import to our Anceftora 5 tho* now obfolete : It properly Signified the Quality of an Englifisman.

Thus, if a Man were privily flain, or murther'd, he was, antiently, accounted Francigena, (which comprehended every Alien, efpecially "Danes') till Englecerie was proved : /. e. till it was made appear that he was an Englifimzan. Bract on Lib. 3.

The Origin of the Cuifotn was thus : King Canutus having conquer'd England, at the Requeft of the Nobles, he fent back his Army into Denmark; only referving a Guard of Danes for his Perfon : A,iia\ made a Law, that if any EngUJhnian kill'd a Dane, he Ihould be tried for the Murther; or, if he efcaped, the Village where the Man was. flain mould be charged to pay 66 Marks into the Exchequer. After this Law, whenever a Murther was committed, it was neceffary to prove the Party flain an Englifioman, that the Penalty of 66 Marks might not be charged on the Village.

ENGLISH, or the ENGLISH Tongue, the Language fpoke by the People of England; and, with fome Varia- tion, by thofe of Scotland. See Language.

The Englijb is of Gothic, or Teutonic Extraction : This was the Root, or Stock, upon which feveral other Dialects have been fince grafted 5 particularly the Zati?t, and French. See Teutonic, &c.

The Language antiently fpoke in our Ifland was the Sri- tijh, or Welch, which was common to the Sritaius and Gauls 5 and which ftitt fubfilfs, in more or lets Purity, in the Principality of Wales, the County ofComwal, the Iilands and Highlands of Scotland, Ireland, and fome Provinces of France, particularly Bretagne. See Welch.

As the Roman Empire, extending it felf towards the Weftem Parts of Europe, came to take in Gaul and 'Britain 5 the Roman Tongue became propagated there- with; all the Edicts, &c. relating to the publick Affairs, being defignedly wrote in that Language.

The Latin, however, 'tis certain, never got fo much Ground, or prevail'd fo far in England, as in Lombardy^ Spain, and the Gauls $ partly on Account of its great Diftance from Rome, and the fmall Refort of Romans hither 5 and partly, for that the entire Reduction of the Kingdom was not effected, till fb late as the Empire of Claudius, when the Empire was on the declining Hand$ and the new Province was forced to be fbon deferred by its Con- querors, call'd to defend their Territories nearer Home, See Latin.

'Britain thus left naked, became an eafy Prey to the Angli, or, Anglo Saxons, a {trolling Nation from Jutland and Norway, who took an eafy Pofflffion thereof; much about the Time that the Franks, another Germa?z Nation, enter'd Gaul. The Gauls and Franks, it feems, at length, came to Terms 3 found Means to unite into one Nation; And thus the antient Gaulip, with its Mixture of Latin, continued the prevailing Tongue, only further intermix'd with Francia, or Lingua Franca, of their new Inmates: But the Britahis were more conftant, and determined absolutely to refule any fuch Coalition j they had embraced Chriffiauity, and their Competitors were Heathens: Ra- ther than admit of fuch an Union, therefore, they chofe to be ihut up, with their Language, in the mountainous Parts of Cambria, or Wales.

The Englip Saxons thus left abfolute Lords, changed every Thing; their own Language was now fully eftabliJh'd, and the very Name of the Country was henceforth to be Anglo Saxon.

The new Language remain'd, in good meafure, pure and unmix'd till the Norman Invafion : The Attempts of the Danes, and the Neighbourhood of the Britzins, indeed wrought fome leffer Innovations therein 5 but, in the mam, it preferv'd it felf 5 for, as to the Danes, their Language was not much different therefrim. Edward

th$