Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/645

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Author ; ufually, of an antient Author ; For Editor is neither properly applied to a working Printer, nor to an Author who prints his own Works.

Erafmus, was a mighty Editor of antient Writings. The Lovain Doctors, Scaliger, 'Eetavius, Fa. Sirmond, Biftiop Walton, Mr. Hearn, &e. are learned Editors.

EDUCATION, the Art of bringing up, forming, and instructing Children.

The Follies of a too delicate Education, are well ex- prefs'd in that Devife of an Ape, which by over carefling _ and hugging its young ones, ftr angles them ; with the Motto, Jj Completlendo necat.

Oclavius Ferrarius, has a very good Latin Treatife on the Subjeft of Education, entitled Chiron 5 the Name of the Centaur who was Achilles's Tutor.

Mr. Lock's excellent Treatife of Education, is known to every Body, ^tiintillian employs the fecond Chapter of his firft Book, in enquiring whether a Domeftic, or a College Education, be preferable, i. e. whether it be better to bring up ones Children at Home, or to fend them to the Colleges, and public Schools. After urging all that can be faid on either Side, he concludes for a College, or School Education.

EDULCORATION, in Pharmacy, is the dulcifying, or fweetening of any Remedy, by Means of Sugar, or Syrups. See Dulcifying.

EruLcoRATiON, in Chymiftry, is the fzveetening, or purging any Thing of its Salts, && by repeated Lotions, or Walkings in cold Water : E. gi\ the freeing of Precipi- tates of Mercury, Metals, %5c of the Iharp Salts by Means whereof they had been diffolved ; or which had been mingled with them, to effect a Diffolution. See Ablution.

EFFARE, or EFFRAYE, in Heraldry, a Term ap- plied to a Beafl, when rearing on its hind Legs, as if it were affrighted.

EFFECT, the Refult, or Confequence, of the Applica- tion of a Caufe, or Agent, on fome Subject. See Cause. 5 Tis one of the great Axioms of Philofophy, that EffecJus fleni, whole or adequate EjfetJs, are always proportionable to the Powers of their Caufes.

The Term is alfo of fome what further Import in the Arts : As when we fay, in Painting and Architecture, that fuch a Contraft, or iuch a Drapery, or fuch an Attitude, have a fine, or an ill Ejfebl, i. e. are beautiful, or noble, 2>c. Too many Breaks, and little Enrichments in a Building, have a pitiful Ejfecl, i. e. give it a mean Afpect.

In the Manage, EJjfeEt is applied to the Motions of the Hand, which dirccl the Horle.

They diilinguifti four EjfeEis of the Hand, <z.7#. in uiing the Bridle to put a Horfe forwards, draw him back- wards, and flatting it out of the right Hand into the left, or vice verfa.

Effects, in Commerce, &c. are the Goods poffefs'd by any Pcrfon, whether moveable or immoveable : parti- cularly thofe which Merchants and Dealers, acquire by Trade. The Ejfecls of Merchants are ufually diftinguifhed into three Clafles, good, bad and doubtful. By an Ordon- nance of the French Court in i6"7g, every Merchant is obliged to take an Inventory, or Review, every "Year, of all his EjfeBs of all Kinds.

EFFECTIONS, in Geometry, the Geometrical Conftru- ftions of Proportions. See Construction.

The Term is alfo ufed in Reference to Problems and Practices 5 which when they are deducible from, or founded upon, fome general Proportions, are called the Geometrical Effeblions thereto belonging.

EFFERVESCENCE, is popularly ufed for a light Ebullition, or a frrong inteftine Motion, produced in a Liquor, by the firft Action of Heat, without any notable Separation of its Parts. See Ebullition.

Such a Liquor muft be heated to a flight Ejfervefcence. Effervescence, in Phyficks, Chymiftry, &c. is not applied to any Ebullitions, or Motions produced by Fire j but only to thofe refulting from the Mixture of Bodies of different Natures, which by their a&ing on one another, occafion a Heat, or at leaft an Agitation of Parts, refem- bling the Ebullition, or boiling produced by Fire.

Acids rnix'd with Alkalies, e. gr. Oil of Tartar, and Spirit of Vitriol, produce an Ejfervefcence, &c.

Chauvin defines Ejfervefcence more fcientifically, to be a violent Expuliion of the Air, out of the Pores of the Par- ticles of one Body, by the Intruiion of the Particles of another Body mix'd therewith, into thofe Pores before pof- fefs'd by Air.

In Order for Ejfervefcence to take Place, the Particles of the latter Body muft be fuppofed conformable, both in Bulk and Figure, to the Pores of the other; fo as they may enter, and fill the fame, like Wedges : And befide, a ftrong Degree of Attraction between the Particles of the two Bodies, ftronger than the Attraction, or Force of

Cohefion, between the Particles of either of the Bodies alone. See Attraction.

Hence it fhould feem, that Ejfervefcence only differs from Fermentation, in the Degree of Explofion • which in Ejfervefcence s, by Reafon of the greater Purity and Free- dom of the Acid and Alkali, is greater than in Fermen- tations. See Fermentation.

Of Effervefcences, fome are hot, and others cold. Of the firft Kind, are thofe produced by the Mixture of Oil of Tartar per deliquiwn, with Spirit of Vitriol 5 Quick- lime with cold Water; all acid Spirits, with alcaline, or earthy Bodies ; Aqua forth, Spirit of Vitriol, Spirit of Nitre, Aqua Regia, &c. with all Metallic Bodies, Marca- fites and Minerals ; Coral, with Lemon, or Orange Juice ; Marble with Spirit of Salt ; Hartmorn, Chalk, Boars Tooth, Crabs Eyes, Mother of Pearl, and all Shells with Acids. In all which, the Ejfervefcence s are attended with a pretty intenfe Heat. Oil of Vitriol, and Oil of Turpentine, particularly, mix'd together, produce fuch a vehement Heat, that unlefs they be mix'd Drop by Drop, they arc apt to burft forth into Flame, and break the Vial.

On" the contrary, Silver-filings being diffolved in Spirit of Nitre, produce a cold Ejfervefcence, which, inftead of Heating, cools the Glafs, fo as to render it painful to the Senfe of feeling.

This different EffeCt is afcribed to this, that in the former Cafe, the mix'd Bodies, one or both of them, abound with Sulphur ; but not in the latter. Not but fome attribute the Heat, ufual in Effervefcences, to the vehement Friction, and Collifion of the Particles againft each other.

Powder'd Coral, mix'd with diftill'd Vinegar, produces a cold Ejfervefcence, which the fame Philofophers account for hence, that the Pores of the Coral being very great, it may be eafily diffolved in the acid Spirit, without any great Friction, or Collifion of the Parts, fuch as would be nc- ceffary to generate any considerate Heat.

An Ejfervefcence may alio be produced by the Mixture of two cold Liquors. See Dissolution.

EFFICACIOUS, EFFECTUAL, in Theology. Within thefe 150 lears there have been very great Difputes on the the Subiecf of Efficacious Grace. Grace is ufually divided into fufficient and Efficacious 5 tho' the Janfenifis hold, that there is no Grace fuffkient, but what is Efficacious, i.e. but what effectually determines the Will to a£L See' Sufficient.

Efficacious Grace, is defined to be that which enlightens the Mind, and touches the Heart, in fuch Manner, as al- ways to produce its Effect, however it be oppofed, or refilled by the Will. See Grace.

Some Divines maintain that Efficacious Grace is Effica- cious of it felf. Efficacious Grace of it felf, if there be any fuch Thing, is that which produces its Effect, merely of it felf, and not in Vertue of any Confent of the Will. Calvin, is the firft that ever ufed the Term Gratia Efficaoa ger fe, Grace Efficacious of it felf.

A late Divine holds the Efficacy of Grace in it felf to confift in this, that Efficacious Grace is always joyn'd with a Moral Neceffity of doing the Thing it inclines to ; and fufficient Grace, joyn'd with a moral Impotence of doing it. See Sufficient.

The Armenian and Topip Way of conceiving the Ne- ceffity of Efficacious Grace, is to hold that this Grace is never wanting, at leaft to the Righteous, except thro' their own Default ; that they always ftand in Need of other inner Graces, truly and properly fufficient, in Order to draw down this Efficacious Grace; and that they do infallibly draw it down, when it is not rejected, tho' they often remain without EffeC~t, thro' a Refinance, inftead of a Confent thereto.

Fa. Malebranch maintains, that the mutual Commerce between Soul and Body, /'. e. Life, has no other Vinculum, or Principle, but the Efficacy of God's Decrees : That fecond Caufes have no proper Efficacy, £5?c. S^e Second Caufe.

EFFICIENT, in Philofophy. An Efficient Caufe is that which produces an Ejfecl. See Cause and Effect,

Philofophers ufually diftinguifh four Kinds of Caufe in Nature : The Efficient, a final, a formal, and a material. See each under its proper Article.

The School Philofophers are exceedingly divided as to the Nature and Effence of an Efficient Caufe.

Ariftotle defines an Efficient to be, id unde, that from 'which: Or, the firft "Principle of Change and Reft, i.e. of Produaion and Confervation : The Efficient, called U wide, that from which ; as the End or final Caufe, is that proper, quod, for which ; the Exemplar, ad quod, that to which ; the Matter, ex q'to, that of which ; and the Form, per quod, that by which. And it is call'd the firft Principle, not in RcfpecT: of Priority of Time, for the End exerts its Caufalii:y before the Efficient, but of

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