Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/621

 DUR

an d to the Medulla Spinalis* and all the Nerves, which rife from it. See Nerve.

Its Surface is rough towards the Skull, and fmooth to- wards the Brain. It is a double Membrane, woven of ftrong Fibres, which may be plainly fcen on its Infide, but very little on itsOutfide next the Skull : It has three Proceffes made by the Doubling, of its inner Membrane. See Duplicature.

The firft refembles a Sickle, and is therefore call'd Falx. See Falx.

The fecond feparates the Cerebrum from the Cerebellum, down to the Medulla Oblongata, that the Weight of the Ce- rebrum may not offend the Cerebellum, which lies under it. This Procels is very ftrong, and thick, and in ravenous Beafts it is for the moft Part bony, becaufe of the violent Motion of their Brain.

The third is the fmalleft, and feparates the External Sub- ftanee of the hind Part of the Cerebellum into two Pro- tuberances. See Cerebellum.

In the dura Mater are fevcral Sinus's, or Channels, which run between its internal and external Membrane : The four principal Ones, are, the Sinus Lovgitudinalis ; the fecond and third Sinus's are call'd the Laterales ; and the fourth, the Torcular. See Sinus, Longitudinalis, &c.

Befides thefe there are more of inferior Note, mention'd by Anatomifts, as du Vemey, Dr. Ridley, &c. Their Ufe is, to receive the Blood of the adjacent Parts from the Veins, to which they are as fo many Trunks, and difcharge the Blood into the internal Jugulars. See Jugular.

The Veffels of the dura Mater, are, iirft, a Branch from the Carotidal, while it is in its long Canal, which is dif- perfed in its Fore- and lower Part of the dura Mater % fe- condly, an Artery, which enters the Hole of the Skull, call'd, Foramen Arterice dura Matris : It is difpcri'ed on the Sides of this Membrane, and runs as high as the Sinus Longitudinalis : The Vein which accompanies the Branches of this Artery, goes out of the Skull, by the Foramen Lace- rum. Thirdly, a Branch of the Vertebral Artery, and Vein, which laft partes through the Hole behind the Occipital Apophyfis, where they are difperfed in the Hind-part of the dura Mater. It has alio Nerves from the Branches of the fifth Pair, which give it an exquifite Senfe.

It has a Motion of Syftole, and Diaftole, which is cau- fed by the Arteries, which enter the Skull. No doubt, the great Number of Arteries in the Brain contribute more to it, than thole few proper to it felf, which may affift a little, tho' not very fenfibly, becaufe of their Smallnefs, and Paucity.

The Ufe of the dura Mater is to cover the Brain, the Spinal Marrow, and all the Nerves ; to divide the Cerebrum in two, and to hinder it from preffing the Cerebellum.

DURATION, an Idea we get by attending to the fleet- ing, and perpetually perifhing Parts of Succeffion. See Suc- cession.

The Idea of Succeffion we get by reflecting on that Train of Ideas, which continually follow one another in our Minds, while awake. The Diftance between any Parts of this Suc- ceffion is what we call Duration : And the Continuation of the Exiftence of our felves, or any Thing elfe commen- furate to the Succeffion of Ideas in the Mind, is call'd our own Duration, or that of the Thing coexifting with our Thinking. So that we have no Perception ot Duration, when that Succeffion of Ideas ceafes. See Idea, and Exi- stence.

Duration, in Mr. Lock's Philofophy, is a Mode, or Modi- fication of Space. See Space, and Mode.

The Ample Modes oi Duration, are any Lengths, or Parts thereof, whereof we have diftant Ideas ; as Hours, Days, Weeks, Months, Tears, Time, and Eternity, &c. See Hour, Day, Week, Month, Year, ££c.

Duration, as mark'd by certain Periods, and Meafures, is what we properly call Time. See Time.

1. By obferving certain Appearances, at regular, and feem- ingly equi-dif lam Periods, we get the Ideas ot certain Lengths, and Meafures of 'Duration, as Minutes, Hours, ££t. 2. By being able to repeat thofe Meafures of Time, as often as we will, we come to imagine Duration where nothing really en- dures, or exifts : Thus, we imagine, to morrow, next Tear, yefterday, &c. 3. By being able to repeat fuch Idea of any Lenoth of Time, as of a Minute, Tear, &c. as often as we will, and add 'em to one another, without ever coming to an End, we get the Idea of Eternity. See Eternity.

Time is to Duration, as Place is to Space, or Expanfion. They are fo much of thofe boundlefs Oceans of Eternity, and Immenfity, as is fet out, and diftinguifli'd from the reft ; and thus ferve to denote the Pofition of finite, real Beings, in refpect, of each other in thofe infinite Oceans of Dziration, and Space.

DUTCHY-CflKT-r, a Court wherein all Matters belonging to the Dutchy, or County Palatine of Lancafter, arc deci- ded by Decree of the Chancellour of that Court. See Pa- latine.

The Original of this Court was in Henry the IVth Time ; who obtaining the Crown by Deposition of Richard II. aid

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DUT

havmg the Dutchy of Lancafter, by Defcent, in Right of his Mother, became feiz'd thereof as King, not as Duke. So that all the Liberties, Franchifes, and Jurifdiclions of the faid County pafs'd from the King, by his great Seal, and not by Livery, or Attornment; as the Earldom of March, and other Poileflions, which clefcended to him by other Anceftors than the King's, did.

Henry IV. by Authority of Parliament, fever'd the Po£ feflions, Liberties, &c. of the faid Dutchy from the Crown: But Eduard IV. reftored 'em to their former Nature.

The Officers belonging to this Court, are the Chancellour, Attorney, Receiver General, Clerk of the Court, andMcfTcn- ger ; belide the Affiftants ; as an Attorney in the Exchequer; another in Chancery, and four Counccllors. See Chancel- lor of the Dutchy.

The Dutchy of Lancafter, fays G-win, grew out of the Grant of Eduard III. who gave that Dutchy to his Son jfohn of Gaunt, and endowed it with Royai Rights, equal to thofe of the County Palatine of Chefter. AndVorafmuch as it came afterwards to be extinft in the Perfon of King Henry IV. by reafon of its Union with the Crown ; the fame King fufpecting himfelf more rightfully Duke of Lan- caster, than King of England, determined to fave his Right in the Dtttchy, whatever fhould befal the Kingdom. Ac- cordingly, he feparated the Dutchy from the Crown ; and fettled it fu in his own Perfon, and Heirs, as if he had been no King, or Politic Body at all ; In which Condition it con- tinued during the Reigns of Henry V. and VI. who defcended from him; till Eduard IV. who, by Recovery of the Crown, recontinuing the Right of the Houfe of Tork, appropriated the Dutchy to the Crown again. Yet fo, as he fuf&r'd the Court, and Officers to remain as he found 'em. In this Manner, it came, together with the Crown, to Henry VII. who taking Henry IV. Policy, (by whofe Right, indeed, he obtain'd the Kingdom) re-feparated the Dutchy, and fo left it to his Pofterity, who ftill enjoy it.

DUTY, in Policy, and Commerce, an Impoft, laid by Au- thority of a Prince, &c. on Merchandizes, and Commodities, either of his own Country, or brought from abroad 5 to- wards fupporting the Expences of the Government. See Customs.

The Duties on various Kinds of Commodities are infi- nite. The principal are, the

Duties of Exportation, and Importation, pay'd upon the bringing in, or carrying out of the divers Kinds of Goods, Animals, and even Perfons ; agreeable to the Tarifs fettled between the feveral Nations. See Importation, and Ex- portation.

There is no State in Europe, or perhaps in the World, where the Duties of Exportation and Importation, are fo many, and fo confiderable, as in England. The two prin- cipal, are, theDmies ofTunnage, and Poundage. The firft charged on Liquors, in Proportion to their Mcafure, and Content. See TunnAge.

The fecond on the other Commodities, and paid accord- ing to their Value, fettled in a Tar if. See Poundace.

Thefe two Duties, which have a long Time been on foot in England, were re-eftablifh'd at the R.ftoration of King Charles II. in 1660, upon the Parliament's annulling all the Laws made under Cromwell, and decreeing the Execution of the ancient Ordonnanccs.

To thefe there have been eighteen new Duties added fince that Time : Ten of 'em for Liquids, and the other eight on other Kinds of Commodities.

The Duties on Liquids, are the ancient Duty ofTunnage, or oldSubfidy: the Additional Duty, Duty of Excife, Duty of Coinage, the old Impojition, the Additional Impojition^ the Orphans Money, the Duty on French Wines, the New Sub- Jidy, the Duty on Hungary Wines, and the one Third, and two Thirds of Subjidies.

ThcDuties on other Commodities, are the Ancient Duty of "Poundage : the Additional Duty of 1660, on Linens, and Silks : the new Impojition of Poundage, call'd the Impoft of 1690 : Another Impojition of four Fifths in i<5>s : the Duty of 2.5 per Cent on French Goods, impofedin 1695." the new Subjidy ofToundage in \6t)i : Another Additio- nal Subjidy of a Third of 'Poundage in 1703 ; Another Third in 1704; A Duty on Fifty, Oils, and Whale Fins, in 1709: Another on Leather, Velom, and Parchment, in 1711 ; A fecond on the fame Goods, in 171a; And laftly, in the fame Year, A Duty on Taper, Tafte-Soard, and Soap.

We ihall here enter into a more particular Detail of the Duties on Liquids ; as Wines, 2t randies, Vinegars, Cy- ders, &c.

Firft, then, the Duty ofTunnage, or the Old Safibdy, we have already obferv'd, was eftabfifti'd in the twelfth Year of King Charles II. It was at firft only granted him for Life 3 but afterwards continued in the firft iiear of King James 11. during the Life likewife of that Prince. And laitiy, by fe- veral Aits, in the Reign of Queen Anne, it was again conti- nued for <j6 Years, ending in the Year 1808.

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