Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/616

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DUG

Quantity of Wine taken into the Stomach, is there heated, and undergoes a Kind of Effervefcence ; which happens the more readily, as the Liquor abounds the more in Sul- phur. By this Action it becomes attenuated, and rarified $ So that the groffer Parts being left behind, its finer Parts are fitted to penetrate, and moot through the Veins to the Brain ; or are convey 'd through the Veins to the Heart, whence, after a further Heat, and Rarefaction, they are fent through the carotcd Arteries, Wc. to the Brain. Hence ne- ceffarily arifes a Repletion of the Meninges of the Brain ; and a Comprefiion of the Pibres of the Brain it felf, from the fre/b Stock of rarefied Sulphur, continually exploded into them: Hence alfo anObftrucrion of the Pores, or Pafiages of the Brain; a frequent, and difordcrly Puliation of the Fibres, and the other Symptoms of this Difeafe.

Hence it is, that all Liquors will not give Drunken- ness ; but only fuch as by their Sulphur, or Spirit, are difpofed for an Effervefcence in the Stomach, and Heart, to diffufe their fubtle attenuated Parts plentifully to the Brain. See Brain, Nerve, Muscular Motion, Deli- rium, &c.

'Tis a popular Miftake, that the only Remedy for Glut- tony, is Drunkemiefs ; or that the Cure of a Surfeit of Meat, is a Surfeit of Wine: Than which nothing can be more contrary to Nature. Cheyne. See Drink.

The ancient Lacedemonians ufed to make their Slaves frequently Drunk, to give their Children an Averfion, and -Horror for the fame. The Indians hold Drunkennefs a Spe- cies of Madnefs ; and in their Language, the fame Term Ra?njan, that fignifies a Drunkard, fignifles alfo a Phrenetic,

DRY Meafure. Sec Measure.

DRYADES, in the Heathen Theology, the Nymphs of the Woods ; a Sort of imaginary Deities, which the Ancients believed to inhabit the Woods, and Groves ; and to hide themfclves under the Bark of the Oak, call'd by the Greeks Acui, See Goddess.

The Dryades differ 'd from the Ha?nadryades, in that thefe latter were attach'd to fome particular Tree, with which they were born, and with which they died; where- as the 2)ryades were the GoddefTes of the Trees, and Woods in general, and liv'd at large in the Middle there- of. For tho' Apt/? properly fignifies an Oak ; it was alfo ufed in the general for "Tree.

We likewife find mention made in divers Authors of a Kind of Propheteffes, or Witches, among i\\e Gauls, call'd Dryades, or Druides. See Druides.

DUCAL Coronet. See Coronet,

Ducal. The Letters Patents granted by the Senate of Venice are call'd Ducals ; So are the Letters wrote in the Name of the Senate, to foreign Princes. See Doge.

A Courier was difpatch'd with a Ducal to the Emperor, returning him Thanks for renewing the Treaty of Alliance (in 171O againft the -Turk, with the Republic of Ve- nice.

The Name Ducal is derived hence, that at the Beginning of fuch Patents the Name of the Duke, or Doge, is wrote in Capitals, thus : JW .... . Dei Gratia Dux Venetiarum, &c. See Duke.

■ The Date of Ducals is ufually in Latin $ but the Body Italian.

DUCAT, a foreign Coin, cither of Gold, or Silver, ftruck in the Dominions of a Duke ; being about the fame Value with a Piece of Eight, or a French Crown, or 4 Shillings and 6 Pence Sterling, when of Silver : and twice as much, when of Gold. See Coin.

The Origin of Ducats is referr'd to one Longinus, Go- vernour of Italy ; who revolting againll the Emperor e 7ujiin the Younger, made himfelfDuke of Ravenna, and' call'd himfelf Exarcha, i. e. without Lord, or Ruler. And to Gold in his own Name, and with his own Stamp ; which were call'd Ducats : as Procopius relates the Story.
 * fh.ew his Independance, ftruck Pieces of Money of very pure

After him, the firft who {truck Ducats, were the Vene- tians, who likewife call'd 'em Cecchins, or Segtiins, from 'Zecca, the Place, where they firft were ftruck. This was about the Year 1280, in the Time of John Dandulo ; But we have pretty good Evidence, that Roger, King of Sicily, had coin'd Ducats as early as 1240. And du Cange fcru- ples not to affirm, that the firft Ducats were ftruck in the Dutch y of Pouille, m Calabria.

The chief Gold Ducats now currant, are the fingle, and AoubleDncats oi 'Venice, Florence,Ge?ioa, Germany, Hw/gary, {Poland, Sweeden, Denmark, Flanders, Holland, and Zurich. The hcavieft of 'em weighs 5 Penny weight 17 Grains, and the lighteft 5 Penny weight 10 Grains ; which is to be underftood of the double Ducats, and of the fingle, in Proportion.

The Spaniards have no Ducats of Gold, but in lieu there- of make Ufe of Silver Ones. Not that the Silver Ducat is a real Species, but only a Money of Account like our Pound. It is equivalent to 11 Rials. See Rial.

The Silver Ducats of Florence ftrve there for PiaGers, cr Crowns. See Crown.

DUCATOON, a Silver Coin, ftruck chiefly in Italy par- ticularly at Milan, Venice, Florence, Genoa, Lucca ■Man- tua, and <Parma ; Tho' there are alfo Dutch, and Flemifh Dticatoons. J

They are all nearly on the fame footing ; and being a little both finer and heavier than the French Crown, are valued at 2 Pence, or 3 Pence more ; viz. at about 4 Shill 8 Pence Sterl. See Coin.

There is alfo a Gold Ducatoon, ftruck, and current chief- ly in Holland. It is equivalent to 20 Florins, or Guldens - on the footing of 1 Shilling, n Pence, half Penny, the Flo- rin. See Florin.

DUCES Tecum, a Writ commanding one to appear at a Day in Chancery, and to bring with him fome Evidences, or other Things, which the Court would view.

The fame is alfo granted, where a Sheriff having in his Cuftody a Prifoner, in a perfonal Action, returns "upon a Habeas Corpus, that he is adeo languidus, that without Danger of Death he cannot have his Body before the Juftices.

DUCENAR1US, in Antiquity, an Officer in the Ro- man Army, who had the Command of two hundred Men.

The Emperors had alfo Ducenarii among their Procura- tors, or Intendants, call'd Procurators Ducenarii. Some fay, that thefe were fuch whofe Salary was 200 Sefterces; as, in the Games of the Circus, Horfes hir'd for two hundred Sefterces, were call'd Ducenarii.

Others hold, that Ducenarii were fuch as levied the two hundredth Penny ; Or the Officers appointed to infpect the Raifing of that Tribute.

The Infcriptions at Palmyra have frequently the Word Ducenarius, in Greek Atixsi'etp/oi.

DUCKlNG-o7oc/, in our Cuftoms. Sec CvcKitic-Stool.

Ducking, or plunging in Water, Ol aus Magnus tells us, was aDiverfion anciently pradifed among the Goths, by Way of Exercife : But among the Celtce, and Franks, a Sort of Puniihment. 'Tacitus likewife affures us, that it was ufed among the ancient Germans for the Lazy, and Infamous. At Marfeilles, and Bourbon, their Men and Women of fcandalous Life are condemn'd to the Cale, as they call it, that is, to be fhut up naked to the Shift, in an Iron Cage faften'd to the Yard of a Chaloupe, and ducked feveral times in the River. The fame is done at Tholoufe, to Blafphe- mers. It is alfo a Punifhrncnt for the Sea-men ; who are thrown into the Sea from the Top of the Yard of a Main- Maft into the Sea, feveral times, according to the Quality of their Offence. Sometimes a Canon-Ball is faften'd to their Feet, to make the Fall the more rapid. They have alfo a Kind of 'Dry Ducking, wherein the Patient is only fufpended by a Cord, a few Yards above the Surface of the Water. This is a Kind of Strapada. The Puni/hment is made public by the Difcharge of a Canon. Sec Bapti- sing.

DUCT, Dv.Bm, in Anatomy, a Term, in its general Senfe, applied to all the Canals, or Tubes of a Body, as Veins, Arteries, %$c. through which the Humors, Spirits, t£c. are convey'd. See Canal, Tube, £5c.

The Word has alfo a more immediate Application to fe- veral particular VelTels j as the

Ductus Thoracicus. See DuBus Thoracicus.

Ductus Communis Choledochus, a large Canal form'd bv an Union of the DuBus CyJUcus, and Hepaticus. This Dull defcending about 4 Inches, difcharges it felt into the Duode- num, by an oblique Infertion, which docs the Office of a Valve, m preventing the Regrefs of the Bile convey'd hereby in- to the Inteftines. See Bile.

It fomctimes opens into the Duodemtm at the fame Aper- ture with the Pancreatic DuB.

Ductus Hepaticus, call'd alfo Meatus Hepaticus, and Hilary Pore. See Porus Bilarius.

Ductus Cy/ficus, or Meatus Cyfiicus, a Canal about the Bigncfs of a Goofe-quill, which arifing from the Neck of the Gall-bladder, about 2 Inches Diftance therefrom, joyns the Porus $ 1 1 arms, and together with it conftitutes the DuBus Communis. See Cystic DuB.

Ductus Cyfi-hepaticus, or Hepaticyjticus. See Cyst- Hepatic.

Ductus Adipofi, are little Vafcules in xhzOmentum, which either receive the Fat feparated from the Adipofe Loculi, or Cells, or el'e brings it to them : For the extream Fine- nefs of thefe Vel ; ft.-is renders it extream difficult to trace their O.igin, or Courfc.

Indeed it remains fomewhat doubtful, whether they be hollow, and real DuBs-, or whether they be not folid Fibres, fuch as are observed in the Spleen, along which the liquid Fat does, as Dr. Drake expreffes it, drill its Way, as the eafieft it can find. Malpight, their firft Difcoverer, inclines to the former Opinion. All we know tor certain, is, that they terminate in little Globules of Fat, concerning the Ufe and Progrefs whereof much remains to be difcover'd. See Fat.

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