Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/583

 DIL

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DIM

Word is a "*° abufively applied to a mere Prebend, or

Canon- „

dignities are fometimes Simple, Sometimes with Cure of Souls, and fometimes with Jurisdiction and Administration of facred Things. The Canonills even define Dignity, Admi- niflratio turn Jurifiitlione & 'Poteftate amjmffa. If the mjgaity have no Contentious, or Exterior JurifdicHon, 'tis a ample 'Parfonage, and only gives Pre-eminence.

Of Dignities, including Prebends, Cambden reckons in ■JSHgUnd 544 in Number.

DIHELIOS, in the Elliptical Aftronomy, a Name Kepler gives to that Ordinate of the Ellipsis, which pafles through the focus, wherein the Sun is fuppofed to be placed. See Ellipsis.

DIJAMBUS, a Foot of Latin Verfc, of four Syl- lables ; compounded of two Jambics ■ ib that the firfl an d lait are lhort, and the two middle long. See Jam- bus.

DIKE, or Dam, a Work of Stone, Timber, or Fafcines, jaifed to oppofe the Entrance, or Paffage of the Waters.

Dikes are ufually Elevations of Earth, with Hurdles of Stakes, Stones, and other Matters.

The Dike of Rocbel is made with Veflels fallen' d to the Bottom. The Dikes of Holland are frequently broke thro', and drown large Tracts of Land.

The Word comes from the Flemilh Dyk, a Heap of Earth to bound, or ftem the Water. Salmafius, and Menage take them to have borrowed the Word irom the Greek Tdyja. Guichard derives it from the Hebrew Dagbab:

DILAPIDATION, is a wailful Destroying, or letting Buildings run to Ruin, and Decay, for Want of neceffary Re- paration : 13 Eliss. Cap. 13.

The Money recover'd for Dilapidations, by 14 Eliz. 11. ihall be employed in the Repair of the fame Houfes.

DILATATION, in Medicine, ej?c. is the laying open any Orifice, or the Lips of a Wound wider ; or the Extension of any Veflel : whence Dilatorium.

Dilatation, in Phyficks, a Motion of the Parts of a Body, whereby it expands, or opens it felf to a greater Space. See Expansion.

The Generality of our Authors confound Dilatation with Rarefaction ; but the more accurate, efpecially the Foreigners, diftinguilh between them 5 defining Dilatation to be the Expanfion of a Body into a greater Bulk, by its own Elaflic Power : And Rarefaction, the fame Expaniion produced by means of Heat. See Rarefaction.

The Moderns have obferved, that Bodies, which, after being comprefs'd, and again left at Liberty, teflore themfelves per- fectly, do endeavour to dilate themfelves with the fame Force whereby they are comprefs'd ; and accordingly, they fuftain a Force, and raife a Weight equal to that whereby they are cornprerTed.

Again, Bodies, in dilating by their Elaflic Power, exert a greater Force at the Beginning of their Dilatation, than to- wards the End ; as being at firft more comprefs'd ; and the greater the Compreffion, the greater the Elaflic Power, and endeavour to dilate. So that thefe three, the Comprefiing Power, the Compr.mon, and the Elaflic Power, are always equal. See Elasticity.

Again, The Motion whereby comprefled Bodies reflore themfelves, is ufually accelerated : Thus, when comprefled Air begins to reflore it felf, and dilate into a greater Space, it is fli'll comprefled ; and confequently, a new Impetus is impreflH thereon, from the dilatative Caufe, and the former remaining, with thelncreale of the Caufe, the Effect; that is, the Motion and Velocity mutt be increafed likewife : Thus an Arrow flier from a Bow, does not quit the String, till after that be perfectly reftored to its Natural State ; Nor does the Arrow move a whit fwifter than the String ; And if the String, 'ere it have perfectly reftored it felf to its right Line, be ftopp'd, the Arrow will not go its full Length : Which is a Proof, that it is continually acquiring a new Impetus from the String. And fince Projects ar the Beginning of their Motion, are little, or nothing retarded, but rather accelerated, it is evident, that the Motion of a String reftoring it felt* is likewife accelerated. Indeed it may happen, that where the Comprcflion is only partial, the Motion of Dilatation Shall not be accelerated, but retarded. As is evident in the Comprcflion of a Spunge, foft Bread, Gawze, £5c.

DILATORES Ale Nafi, in Anatomy, a Pair of Muf- clcs common to the Ale Naji, and Upper Lip. See Muscle.

They arife thin, broad, and fleShy, from the Cheek-bones under the Orbits of the Eyes, and defcend obliquely with a two-fold Order of flelhy Fibres in each Mufcle, which partly terminate in the Upper Lip, and partly in the Ale Naji. They draw the Ale from each other, and widen the Ex» ternal Openings of the Noftrils.

DILEMMA, in Logic, an Argument confining of four or "tore Propositions, fo difpofed, that grant which you will of them, you will be pre's'd by the Conclusion. See Syllo- gism.

Or Dilemma is an Argument confifting of two contrary Parts, or Sides, either of which catches the Adverfan'. And hence it is alfo call'd SyUagifmia cormarn, a horned Syllogifm, its Horns being fo difpofed, that if' you avoid the one, you run upon the other.

It is alfo call'd Crocodilinus, by reaflm, that as the Crocodile leads fuch as follow it, into the Nile, and purfues fuch as fly it, to deflroy them ; fo, whatever the Adverfary either affirms, or denies in this Kind of Syllogifm, is turned to his Difadvantage. See Crocodilus.

Take an Example : A Philofopher once diifwaded a Man from marrying, by this Argument : Eitber tbe Wo- man you marry ivill be handfome, or ugly : If hand- fome, fie will give you Jealoufy '; if ugly, Difflcajure.

Cicero ufes this fine Dilemma, to prove, that all Pain is to be bore with Patience : Omnis Dolor ant eft vebe- mens, aut levis : Si levis, facile femur ; Si vehement, certe brevis futurus eft.

The fame Cicero, by another Dilemma, proves, that no Messengers Shall be fent to Anthony : L'gatos decer- nitis ; Si ut deprecentur, contemnet : Si ' lit Impere- tis, non audiet. Nor mutt we here omit that beauti- ful Dilemma of Tertullian, whereby he clears the Chrifl ians, and accufes 'frajan, who had forbad the feeking them cut, and yet order'd them to be punilh'd, when found : O Sen- tentiam Neceffitate coufufam ! Negat inquirendos, ut Iri- nocentes; iS mandat puniendos, utNocentes: parcit Z5 fe- vit, dijjimulat iS animadvertit. £>uid temeripfum Cenfura circumvents > Si damnas, cur non £? inquiris > Si non inquiris, cur non £? abfolvis ?

For ^.Dilemma to be legitimate, there are two Thinffs re- quired : I. A lull Enumeration of Parts : Thus that of Ariftippus abovementioned, whereby he diSTwades from Mar- riage, is invalid, as being defective in the Enumeration ; there being a middle Degree, or Form between handfome and ugly.

2. That the Dilemma pre^s the Adverfary alone, and that the Perfon, who makes it, be not liable to have it retorted upon him. This was the Cafe in that celebrated Dilemma of the SoyhittVrotagoras, which the Areopagites, with all their Wifdom, were nor able to fertle.

A Youth named Evathlus, put himfelf to 'Protagoras, to learn Dialectic, upon this Condition, that he Should pay him a large Sum of Money, the firSl Caufe he pleaded, in Cafe he gain'd the fame. Evathlus, when fully inftructcd, refusing to pay the Condition ; 'Protagoras brings his Action, arguing thus : You mull pay the Money, however the Caufe go ; for if I gain, you mull pay in Confe- quence of the Sentence, as being catt in the Caufe : And if you gain it, you inuft pay in Purfuance of our Covenant. Nay, retorts Evathlus, which Way focver the Caufe 00 you'll have nothing : For if I prevail, the Sentence gives it that nothing is due to you ; and if I lofe, then there is no- thing due by the Covenant.

After the like Manner, an ancient Prieflcfs diflwadini her Son from Haranguing the People, by this Dilem- ma : Nam ft in jufta fuaferis, fays She, habebis Deos iratos : Sin vero jufta, Iratos habebis homines : The Youth thus returned the Dilemma on his Mother 5 Imo, favs he, expedit ad 'Popuhtm Verba facere, nam fi jufta dixero Dii me ababunt ; ft injufta Homines.

The Word Dilemma is form'd from the Greek <rU bis twice, and *»////<«, Sumptio.

DILUTE. To dilute a Body, is to render it liquid -, or, if it were liquid before, to render it more fo, by the Addition of a thinner thereto.

Thofe Things thus added, are call'd Diluents, or Dilu- tors ; fuch are common Wheys, Ptilans, and Juleps, which in refpect of the Blood in a State ofVifcidity are thinner and therefore are faid to thin, or dilute it.

Flower muft be well diluted, to make it into Paftc. Oker is diluted with Oil, to paint Beams, Doors, c£c.

DIMENSION, is the Extenfion of a Body, confider'd as meafurable. See Extension, and Measure.

Hence, as we conceive a Body extended, and meafurable both in Length, Breadth, and Depth ; we conceive a Trine Dimenfton, viz. Length, Breadth, and Tbicknejs. The first call'd a Line, the Second a Surface, the third a Solid. See Line, Surface, and Solid.

Dimension, is particularly ufed with regard to the Powers of the unknown Quantity of an Equation, which are call'd the Dimenfton s of tho r e Quantities.

Thus in a fimple Equation, the unknown Quantity is only of one Dimenfton, as x— a-|-b: 2. In a quadradic Equation it is of t-ivo Dimevfions, as x ; — a'-f-b\ In a Cubic, oY three, as x'-f-a*— b ! . &c. See Equation, Power, 5?c:

DIMINISH'D Column, in Architeflure. See Column, and Diminution.

Diminish'd Interval, in Miifit, is a defective Interval, or an Interval which is Short of its ju!l Quantity by a lelTer Semi-tone. See Interval, and Semi-tone.

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