Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/574

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Sir Tfactt Newton accounts for 'Diaphaneity from an- other Principle, viz. from the Homogeneity, and Simila- rity between the Medium, wherewith the Pores are filled, and the Matter of the Body it felf. For the Refractions the Rays undergo in paffing thus out of the Matter into the Pores, i. e. out of one "Medium into another, being but imall, the Progrefs of the Ray is not fo much interrupted, but that it can make its Way through the Body. See Opacity, Refraction, '<Sc.

DIAPHOENIC, in Pharmacy, a foft Purgative Electuary, thus call'd from the Dates, which make its Softs ; the Palm-Tree, whofc Fruit they are, being call'd by the Greeks fyo'iviE. See Date. ■

The other Ingredients arc the Penides, Almonds, Turbith, Ginger, white Pepper, Mace, Cinnamon, Rice, Fennel, Darcus, and Honey.

Diaphccnic purges chiefly Serofitics, and excites the Men- fes. It is alfo ufed in Dropfics, Lethargies, Apoplexies, and Pa hies.

DIAPHORESIS, in Medicine, includes all Difcharges made through, the Skin; but chiefly that by infenfiblc Per- fpiration, and Sweat : Whence Diaphoretic, &c.

DIAPHORETIC, in Medicine, is applied to Remedies that promote theExpulfion of Humours by infenfible Perfo- ration. See Perspiration.

Diaphoretic is much of the fame Import as Sudorific : Except that the latter promote fallible, and the former in- feniible Pcrfpiration. Their only Difference, therefore, is in the Degree of Action. See Sueorificics, &c.

Diaphoretic dnthnon'y, ox Mineral "Diaphoretic, is a Preparation of Antimony, the Procefs whereof fee under the Article Antimony.

DIAPHRAGM, in Anatomy, popularly call'd Midriff, and by Anatomifts, likewife, Septum, or Medium Trauf- verjitm, is a nervous Mufcle, feparating the Breafl, or Tho- rax, from the Abdomen, or lower Venter ; and ferving as a Partition between the Natural, and the Vital Parts. See Venter.

Its Figure is round, rcfembling a Ray, or Thornback.

It corfifts of two Circles, the one Membranous, the other flefliy ; tho' others will have both of them Muf- cular : of two Arteries ; and two Veins, call'd Phrenkie ; and feveral Branches of Nerves.

The firfl, or fuperior Circle arifes from the Sternum, and the Ends of the la A Ribs : The fecond, or inferior, comes from the Vertebra of the Loins. The upper is cover'd a-top with a Membrane deriv'd from the 'Pleura ; and the lower iincd at bottom with another from the ^Peri- toneum. ItsSituation is oblique; being extended from the Cartilage Xiphoides, by the Extremes of the Ribs, to the Region of the Loins.

It is pierced in the middle for the Paffage of the Vena Cava; and in its lower Part for the Oefophagus ; and be- tween the Productions of the inferior Circle pafs the Aorta, 'Thoracic Duel, and Vena Azygcs. In its natural Difpo- fition it is convex on the upper Side towards the Breaft, and concave on the lower towards the Belly. Hence it has two Motions ; the one of Contraction, the other of Relaxation. By the Contraction, or Swelling of the Fi- bres, rhe 'Diaphragm becomes flat on each Side; the Con- feouence of which is, that the Cavity of the Breafl is enlarged, to give Liberty for the Lungs to receive the Air in Infpiration ; and the Cavity of the Abdomen leffcn'd, and confequcntly the Stomach and Inteilines' prefs'd, for the Diilribution of the Chyle. In its Relaxation, where- by it refumes its natural Situation, the Cavity of the Breafl: is diminifh'd, and the Lungs prefs'd for the Ex- pullion of the Air in Exfpiration. See Respiration.

It was Plato, as Galen informs us, that firft call'd it Diaphragm, from the Verb fiww&t\'-n, tofeparate, or be between two. Till his Time it had been call'd ? p4,« Underjlanding; from a Notion, that an Inflammation of this Part produced Phrcnzy : which is not at all warranted by Experience, no more than that other Tradition, that a tranfverfe Section of the Diaphragm with a Sword caufes the Patient to die laughing. The Latins call it Septum tranfverfum, q.d. Partition laid a-crofs.

Dr.PIook. obferves, that an Animal may -be kept alive without Thorax, or Diaphragm, by blowing Air into' the Lungs with a Bellows : Of which he had" made the Experiment.

Diaphragm is alfo a generalName, among the Lear- ned, for all Partitions, or Separations between two Parts of a Thing ; As the little perforated Partitions in the Tubes of long Telcfcopes. See Tube, Zzc.

DIAPHRAGMATIC, is applied to the Arteries, Veins and Serves diilributed through the Diaphragm.

They arc alfo call'd 'Phrenic, or Phrenetic. See Phrenic.

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DIAPRE, or DIAPER, in Heraldry, a Dividing of aFicld into Planes, or Comparti- ments, in the manner of Fret-work ; and filing the fame with "Variety of Figures. SccFret! This chiefly obtains on Bordures, which are diaper'd, or fretted over, and the Frets charg'd with Things proper to Bordures : As in the adjoyning Figure.

DIAPRUNUM, in Pharmacy, a foft, purgative Eleclua- ry, thus call'd from the Pulp of Damafcus Prunes, which is its Bafe.

%Haprunum is either Simple, or Compound.

Simple DiAi'runum confifts of the Pulp afore-men- tioncd, with Caffia, Tamarinds, Rhubarb, red Rofes, Violet Seeds, Santals both red and Citron, Scrapings of Ivory, Liquorice Juice, and the four cold Seeds. It is good to prepare, and foften the Humours.

Compound, or^to/OTDiApRuNuM, is only the Sim- ple, with the Addition of half an Ounce ofScammony to every Pound of the Electuary, to render it more purgative,

DIARRHOEA, in Medicine, aZoqfenefs, or Flux of the Belly ; or a profufe Evacuation of liquid Excrements by Stool. See Evacuation, and Stool.

The Word, in the general, is ufed for any Kind of Flux of the Belly 5 but properly for that wherein the Humour, orExcrement Hows out either pure, ormix'd; with, or with- out Pain, in a fluid State. See Flux,

'Diarrhoea's are of divers Kinds, according to the Di ver- ity of the Excrements : Some being bilious 5 fome ferous; ibmc pituitous ; and fome purulent. The Purulent always arifes from fome Abfcefs open'd in the Body ; the reft either from morbid Humours irritating the Int-jftines, and cxpreiTmg the Juices out of the adjacent Parts 5 or from a Laxnefs of the Intcitinal Fibres; or an extraordinary Fermentation in the Blood, whereby it difcharges its Excrements into the Inteftines.

There are alfo Diarrhea's arifing from unwholefome Foods, and Stoppage of the other Excretions, particularly Perfpiration.

It is a Handing Obfervation, that fuch as perfpire but little, are ever fubjeci to a Diarrhea ; and on the con- trary, People who perfpire much, are commonly bound.

Isaglivi mentions Diarrhea's as one ufual great Ef- fect of Grief ; as likewife of immoderate Anger; without which a Fever would be produced.

In the Cure of Diarrheas, from whatever Caufe they ariie, the Stomach mull be corroborated, and Sudoriricks to be mix'd with Abfbrbents. The Patient to drink fpa- ringly. Quince and Wine burnt with Aromaticks is good. Wa'mivri&ht obferves, that aFiannclShirt contributes much to the Cure of an habitual Diarrhea.

Stolterfoth, a Phyfician of Lubeck, relates, that a Me- chanic of that City had a continual Diarrhea from 20 to the Age of 6" 5 Years, which always gave him 5 or 6 Stools a Day, yet he was in good Health all the while, having a good Appetite, and fumcient Strength and Vigour. But in his 65th Year taking fome aftringent Medicines, he ftopp'd his Flux ; upon which he was immediately feiz'd with a violent Pain in the Kidneys, Difficulty of Breathing, Lofs ofDigeition ; He gave up his Food as he took it, grew cold at the Extremes cf the Body, fwell'd in the Thighs had an infupportable Thirft, and more Appetite, and urined, with much Difficulty, a thin watery Humour, defK- tute of all Sulphur.

The Word is form'd of the Greek JW, through, and pUtv, to flow.

DIARRHODON, in Pharmacy, a Name given to divers Compositions, wherein redRofes are an Ingredient.

Diarrhodon Abbatis, is a Cordial Powder, denomi- nated from the Abbot who invented it. It confifts of red Rofes ; red, and Citron Santals, Lignum Aloes, Cinnamon, Rhapontic, Spikenard, Ivory, Harts-horn, Saffron, Maftic, Pearls, Amber-gris, Musk, &c. It is ufed to lirengthen the Heart, Stomach, and Liver, to aflift in Digcftion, and prevent Vomiting.

There are alfo Trochifci Diarrhodon, compofed of red Rofcs, Scrapings of Ivory, the Santals, Liquorice, Maftic, Saffron, Camphor, and Rofe-Water. They are good to ■ fortify the Heart, Stomach, and Liver, and to flop Diffen- teries, and other Fluxes of the Belly.

'Pillule Diarrhcdon are compofed of Aloes, T'ro- chifci Diarrhodon, Wormwood Leaves, Maftic, and Rock- Salt. They purge, then fortify the Stomach, promote Di- geflion, and prevent a {linking Breath.

The Word is form'd of ^ and p6c/W, Rofe.

DIARTHROS1S, in Anatomy, a Kind of Articulation, or Juncture of the Bones, which being pretty lax, ' affords room for a manifefl Motion. See Articulation.

It is oppofed to Synarthrofis, wherein the Articulation is fo clofe, that there is no feniible Motion at all. See, Synarthrosis.

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