Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/550

 DEN

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DEN

there is ufually feme Claufe, or other, which abridges him of that fall Benefit, which natural Subjefls enjoy.

When a Man is fhusEnfranchifed, he is faid to be, Ad Fidem Regis Anglia, or, tinder the King's Protection ; till fuch Time his Goods may be feiz'd to the King's Ufe.

DENOMINATION, that whereby one Thing takes a Name, from the Name of another, on Account of fome Relation between the two: or, more fVriffiy, it.is a Name Whereby fomething is call'd, in Confequence offome Form, or Property thereof. See Name.

Hence, as the Form is of two Kinds, viz. Internal, and External; Denomination becomes two-fold.

Internal Denomination, is that founded on the inner Form, or arifing from the Intrinfic Form 5 thus 'Peter is denominated Learned, on Account of his Learning, which is fomething Intrinfic.

External Denomination, is that founded, or arifing from the external Form. Thus, a Wall is faid to befeen, and known from the Vifion, and Cognition employ'd upon it ; and thus 'Peter is denominated, honoured, by reafon of Ho- nour, which is not in the Pcrfon honoured, but in him that honours.

DENOMINATOR, in Arithmetic, aTerm only ufed in fpeaking of Fractions, or broken Numbers. See Fraction. The Denominator of a Fraction is the lower Number; or that below the Line ; ihewing into how many Parts the Integer is fuppofed to be divided by the Fraction. Thus in the Fraction fc, [even twelfths, the Number iz is the 'Denominator ; and /hews, that the Integer is here divided into 1 2 Parts. The Denominator always reprefents an Integer. The Number above the Line 7, is call'd the Numera- tor. See Numerator.

Denominator ofaKatio, is the Quotient arifing from the Divifion of the greater Term by the lefs. Thus 6 is the Denominator of the Proportion 50 : 5. becaufe 5) 30 (6. The Denominator is what we otherwife call the Exponent of the Ratio. Sec Exponent.

DENSITY, that Property, or Habitude of Bodies, where- by they contain fuch a Quantity of Matter, under fuch a Bulk. Accordingly, a Body that contains mora Matter than another, under the fame Bulk, 1$ faid to be denfer than the other. Denfuy Hands in Oppofition to Rarity. See Rarity, and Condensation.

Hence, fince the Mafs is proportional to the Gravity, a deafer Body is fpecifically heavier than a rarer ; and a fpecifically heavier is deafer than a fpecifically lighter. See Weight, and Gravity.

The Dcnfities, and Bulks of Bodies, are the two great Points, whereon all Mechanicks, or Laws of Motion turn : 'tis an Axiom, that Bodies of the fame Denfity contain equal Maffes, under equal Bulks. If the Bulks of two Bodies be equal, their Denflties are as their Maffes : Confequentiy, the Denflties of equal Bodies, are as their Gravities. If two Bodies have the fameDenfity, their MafTes are as their Bulks : And hence, the Gravities of Bodies of the fame Denfity, are in the Ratio of their Bulks. TheMaCfes of two Bodies ate in a Ratio compounded of their Denflties, and Bulks ; confequentiy, their Gravities are in the fame Ratio : And it their Maffes, or Gravities be equal, their Denflties are reciprocally as their Bulks. The Denflties of any two Bodies are in a Ratio compounded of the di- rect Ratio of their Maffes, and the reciprocal one of their Bulks.

The Peripafeficks define Denfity, a fecondary Quality, whereby a Body is full of it fell ; its Parts cohering with- out any Interflice. So that the Form of Denfity confifis in the immediate Coherence of Parts. Hence Porphyry in his Predicaments defines a denfe Body, that whofe Parts are placed fo near each other, that no other Body can come between them ; as Gold. The efficient Caufe of Denfity they ufually attribute to cold : Scaliger, and fome others, attribute it toMoifiure. Many of fhe Moderns take the Smalnefs of the Parts of Bodies, to contribute much to their Denfity ; as by this means the Pores are left the fmallcr. Tho' 'tis added, that the Denfity of Bodies does not only depend on the Smalnefs of the Pores, but alfo on their Fewnefs ; Far are we from having any Body abfolute- )y denfe, in the Scnfe of the Ancients : Gold it felf the denfefi, and heaviefl of all natural Bodies, Sir If Newton obferves, does contain a great deal more Pore, or Vacuity than Subfrance. See Pore.

When the Preffurcs of two Liquids are equal, the Quan- tities of Matter in Columns which have equal Bafes do not differ ; wherefore the Bulks, that is, the Heights of the Columns are inverfely as the Denflties ; whence may be deduced the Method 01 comparing them together: After this Manner : pour Mercury into a curb Tube A, fo as to fill the lower Part of the Tube from B toC; {Tab. Hydroflaticks Fig.i.) pour in Water in one Leg from B to E ; in the other Les pour in Oil ofTurpentine, till both theSurfaces of the Mercu- ry B C, be in the fame Horizontal Line, and theHeight of the Oil be CD : ThefeHeights will be as 87 to too, which is the

inverfe Ratio, that the Denfity of Water hi* <■„ 1 ™ of Oil ofTurpentine; and therefore thofe «! °f^enfity each other as 100 to 87. TheMercurv isrtT '?. are to the Liquids fhould be mixed in the Bottom ofZvt kft

The Denfities of Liquids are alfo compa*dT„ \ by immerging a Solid into them ; for if a sIkaT'} * than the Liquids to be compared together, be L^ rj fucccflively into different Liquids, the immerfed p will be inverfely as theDenfities of the LiquWs k,T caufe the fame Solid is made Ufe of, the Portions liZ different Liquors, which in every Cafe would fill the S™ taken up by the immerfed Parts, are of the fame WeX therefore the Bulks ofthofe Portions, that is the immerlerJ Parts themfelves are inverfely as the Denflties. See fur ther under Soeids immerfed in Liquids _ The Density of the Air is a Property that has m ucri imploy d the later Philofophers, fince the Difcoverv of t£ Torricellian Experiment, and the Air-pump. See Rar* faction, and Condensation.

'Tis demonftrated, that in the fame Veffel, or even in Veflels communicating with each other, at the fame Di fiance from the Centre, the Air has every where the fame Denfity. The Denfity of the Air always increafes in Pro- portion to the Compreflion, or the comprefling Powers.

oCC X R.ESSUB.E.

And hence, the lower Air is always deafer than the up- per I }^. A : e Venrity of the lower Air is not proportional to the Weight of the Atmofphere, by reafon of Heat and Cold which make notable Alterations as to Rarity and Denfity If the Air be rendred denfer, the Weight of Bodies therein is diminilh'd 5 and if rarer, increafed ■ by reaion Bodies lofe more in heavier than in lighter Medium's See Specific Gravity.

And hence, if theDenfity of the Air be fenfibly alter'd, Bodies equally heavy in a lighter Air, if their fpecific Gra- vities be confiderably different, will have their Equilibrium taken away m a denfer Air, and the fpecifically heavier will preponderate ; which is the Foundation of the Manofcote, an Initrument for meafuring the Alterations in the Denlitv of the Air. See Manoscope.

DENTAL, Dentalis, is applied to Letters, in the Pro- nunciation whereof the Teetfi have a principal Share. See Letter. r

Grammarians, and efpecially the Hebrew ones, diflin- guiili the Letters into Dental, Labial, Guttural, Lingual, 'Palatal, &c. See Guttural, &c.

, D ? N i Ti !i LIS La l"> °*?>entalmin, is a Kind of Shell which the Apothecaries pulverize, and ufe in feveral Medi- caments, as an excellent Alcali. The genuine Dentalis defcribed by Mv.Eournefort, is of a tubular, or ConicalForm' about 3 Inches long ; of a mining, greenim white ; hollow - light and divided lengthwife by Parallel Lines, runnino from Top to Bottom. It is about theThicknefs of a Feather" and bears fome Refcmblance to a Dop's Tooth. 'Tis very

clV J" dthere /°f in lieu of it, they ufually fubititute a Shell of divers Colours found among the Sand when the Sea is withdrawn ; but not channel'd, or fluted like the Dentalis.

D. Lifter, in the Philofoph.TranfaB. makes mention of two Species of Dentalia ; the firft commonly enough found about thelfland of Guemfey, &c. being a long, flender, round 1 ipe, a little bending, and tapering, and holbw at both Ends; whence it is alfo call'd, the Dog-like-tooth : The other properly call'd Entalium, longer, and thicker than the former; and befides, ftreak'd with Ridges ; whence the Italian Term Intagha. See Entalium

DENTED ^Indented, Tooth'd. See Indebted, t rS, S6 ' amon ? Botani fls, is applied to fuel,

Leaves of Plants as are notched, or jagged aoout the Edge, or Brim; whereof fome sire fine dented; others few, or deep dented, 1. e. cut into the Leaf. See Leaf

\^mJ V - Xe I' Rot "'?>entata. See Wheel.

U±iM I h\ in Anatomy. See Teeth

DENTICLES, or DENTILS, in Architecture, an Or- nament in Corniches, bearing fome Refemblance to Teeth; particularly affected in the Ionic, and Corinthian Orders.

ihey are cut on a little fquare Member, properly call'd Denticulus; and the Notches, or Ornaments themfelves. Teeth"' *"' as havin S the Appearance of a Set of

Anciently, Dentils were never ufed but in the Ionic Cor- r,l ,, we 6nd them in the Remains of the Theatre oi Marcelltis ; which is an Argument with fome, that Vi- triivms had not the Direction of that Building. Vitrumtis prefcribes the Breadth of each Dentil, or Tooth, tobehalf itsHeight; and the Indenture, or Interval between each two, he orders to be f of the Breadth of the Dentil.

The fame Author, C. 2. of his IVth Book, obferves, that the Greeks never add Dentils underneath Modillions ; by reafon Modillions reprefent Forces ; and Dentils reprefent Ends ofRafters, which can never be plac'd underneath For- ces. See Modillion.

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