Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/512

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CULMINATION, in Aftronomy, the Tranfit of a Star or Planet over the Meridian ; or that Point of its Orbit wherein it is at its greateft Altitude. SeeSTAR, Altitude, Orbit, $S>c.

Hence, a Star is faid to culminate, when it paffes the Meridian. See Meridian, and Mid-haves.

■to find the Culmination of a Star, or the Time wherein it paffes the Meridian. On a Meridian-Line A B, (Tab. Jfirtmomy, Fig.48 ) flretch a Thread, D C, perpendicularly ; and from D to E another, D E, cutting the Meridian oblique- ly, at any Angle : The triangular Thread, therefore, DCE, will cut the Plane of the Horizon in the Meridian-Line, at right Angles ; and confequently will be in the Plane of the Meridian.

The Eye, therefore, being fo placed as that the Thread D E may cover the Thread DC; wait till the Star be bif feaed by the Triangle DCE; for then the Eye and the Star will, together with the Triangle D CE, be in the fame Plane : Conlequently the Star is in the Meridian. See Me- ridian.

To find the Culmination of a Star by the Globe. See Globe.

To find the Time when a Star culminates, from a given fight Afienficn of the Meridian, the Sun, and the Star. Sub- tract the right Afcenfion of the Sun from that of the Star ; if that of the latter be the lefs, add 36b to it, and fubtract the former from the Sum; convert the Remainder into Solar Time : (fee Time.) Thus will you have the Time pal's 'd fince the Star's Culmination.

Hence, alfo, we have the Hour of the Night. See Hour. CULMUS, is properly the Stem or Stalk of Corn, or Grafs; which in other Plants is call'd Cnilis. See Stem, and Stalk.

Hence, Culmiferous 'Plants, are fuch as have a fmooth- iointed Stalk, and ufually hollow ; and at each Joint the Stalk is wrap'd about with fingle, narrow, long, ffiarp- pointed Leaves, and their Seeds are contain'd in chaffy Hulks. See Culmiferous.

CUL-PRIT, a Term us'd by the Clerk of the Arraign- ments, when a Perfon is indicted for a criminal Matter. See Indictment.

After the Indictment is read in Court (which is the Crown's Charge) againft the Prifoner at the Bar; he is aik'd if Guilty, or Not Guilty 1

If he anfwers Not Guilty, there is next a Replication from the Crown, by continuing the Charge of Guilt upon him ; which is exprefs'd by pronouncing the Word Ctll-pnt ; Oil being an Abbreviation of the Latin Word Culpabilis, Guilty, and frit (now fret) the old French Word for ready.

prom thefe two Affertions, therefore, of the Clerk of the Arraignments, the Prifoner is deem'd guilty of the Crime charg'd on him ; and that the Crown is ready to prove it upon him.

That this is the true Explanation of the Term, is evident from the Form of the Entry of the Record of the Trial, when drawn at large.

CULTELLATION, a Term fome Authors ufe for the meafuring of Heights, and Diilances, by Piecemeal ; that is, by Inflruments which give us fuch Heights and Diltances by Parts, and not all at one Operation. Sec Measuring, Al- timetry, Distance, S$c.

CULVERIN, a Piece of Ordnance or Artillery, ferving to carry a great diftancc. See Ordnance.

Of thefe there arc three Kinds, viz. the Culverin extra- ordinary, the ordinary, and the leaji Jiz'd.

The Culverin extraordinary has 5! Inches bore ; its length 32 Calibers, or 13 Foot ; weighs 4800 Pound ; its Load above xz Pound ; carries a Shot 5 Inches * Diameter, weighing 20 Pound weight.

The Ordinary Culverin is 12 Foot long ; carries a Ball of 17 Pound 5 Ounces; Caliber 5- Inches ; its weight 4500 Pound.

The Culverin of the leaji Jize, has its Diameter 5 Inches ; is la Foot long ; weighing about 4000 Pounds ; carries a Shot 3 Inches | Diameter, weighing 14 Pounds Ounces. See VzMi-Culverin.

Menage derives the Word from the Latin Colubrina ; others from Coluber, Snake ; either from the Length of the Piece, or the Ravages it makes.

CUMMIN, the Grain of a Plant of the fame Name, much like that of Fennel ; growing abundantly in the Ifle of Malta, where 'tis fown and cultivated after the manner of Corn.

The French frequently call it Anis aigre, Hiarp or four Anis.

'Tis us'd with Succefs in the Vertigo, Wind-Colics, Tym- panies, &c. 'Tis efteem'd excellent to retrieve the Natural Heat in Horfes, Bulls, &c The Pidgeons are exceedingly fond of it ; whence fome make ufe of it to people their Dove-houfes, incorporating it with an Earth naturally faline, or fome other Earth that has imbib'd Urine.

This Seed, as well as the common Anis, yields, by Ex- preffion, a kind of Oil, elleem'd Ibvereign inRbeumatifms- provided it be us'd with Precaution, and in fmall Quantities' CUNETTE, in Fortification, a deep Trench, about three or four Fathom wide, funk along the middle of a dry Moat to lade out the Water ; or to make the PalTage more diffi- cult to the Enemy. See Trench.

CUNEUS, one of the Mechanical Powers; more ufually by Engli/B Writers, call'd the Wedge. See Wedge. CUNEIFORME Os, in Anatomy. Sec Sphsnoides. Cuneifokmia OJj'a, the fourth, fifth, and fixtli Bones of the Foot ; thus called from their wedge-like Shape, being large above, and narrow below.

They lie all three a-fide of one another, and are of diffe- rent Sizes ; their upper Side convex, and their under hol- low : by which means, the Mufclcs and Tendons in the bottom of the Foot are not hurt in walking.

At one End they have each a Sinus, which receives the Os Naviculare ; and at the other End are join'd each to one of the three inner Bones of the Mctatarfus.

CUP, Calyx, a Veffel fo call'd, of various Forms and Ufes. See Chalice.

In the Bphem. German, we have a Defcription of a Cup made of a common Pepper-Corn, by Ofwald Ner linger ; which holds 1200 other Ivory Cups, each having its feveral Handle ; all gilt on the Edges, with room for 400 more.

Cups, among Herbalifls, are thofe lfiort Hulks in which Flowers grow ; fome being pointed into two, three, four, five, or fix Leaves. See Calyx.

CUPOLA, in Architecture, a fpheticai Vault; or the round Top of the Dome of a Church, in form of a Cup inverted. Sec Dome. Some call it a Lanthorn. See Lanthorn. The Word is Italian, form'd of the barbarous Latin Cup- pa/a ; otherwife call'd Thola, and Fornix.

CUPPEL, CUPEL, or COUPEL, among Chymifls, a Veffel or Utenfil, ufed in the trying and purifying of Gold and Silver ; call'd alfo Teft. Sj:e Coupel, Test, Purify- ing, and Refining ; fee alfo £,ssay.

CUPPING, an Operation in Chirurgery, for the Difcharge of Blood and other Humours by the Skin.

It is perform 'd by collecting the Humours into a Tumor under the Cutis ; and letting 'em out thence, by Scarifica- tion ; i. e. by fevcral Incifions made with a Scarificator. See Scarification.

The Inftruments ufed herein, are the Cucurbitula, or Cupping-Glaffes, and Scarificator : The Defcription of each whereof fee under their proper Head.

Cupping is perform 'd either with or without Fire. Cupping with Fire, is the more nfual Procefs ; and is commonly, among us thus effected : The Air in the Cavity of the Cucurbitula is heated, and fo rarefy 'd, by the Appli- cation of the Flame of a Lamp, or the like ; and the Vef- fel immediately apply'd to the Part to be cupf'd.

Others, efpecially the French, proceed thus : A piece of Card is cut round, and a Lamp, or four little Wax Candles affix'd to it : This is placed after the manner of a Candle- IHck to the Part whereon the Opetation is to be perform'd, and cover'd with a Cucurbitula, or Cupping-Glafs.

After the included Air has been well heated and rarefy'd with the Flames of the Candles, it is clap'd clofe to the Skin ; which it has no fooner touch'd but the Candles are extinguifh'd, and the Tumor rais'd.

In Cuffing without Fire, inflead of rarefying the Air in- cluded in the Cupp/ng-Glnfs by heat ; 'tis done by a Sy- ringe applied to the Neck of the Cupping Glafs, fitted with a brafs Collar, Cap, and Valve : The Cufping-GlsSs being applied to the Skin, and the Syringe wrought, part of the Air is pump'd out of the Cucurbitula ; and thus the Tumor rifes, as in the former Cafe. See Syringe.

TheReafon of the Phenomenon is this: The Air included in the Qlpping'Gtefs being rarefied, a great Part of the Load which before prefs'd it and kept it down, and which Hill continues to prefs the reft of the Body, is taken off ^ upon which the Air, known to be contain'd in the Velfels of the Body, and mix'd with the Blood and Juices, expands it felf; and raifes a Tumor, carrying with it the Fluids where- with it is mingled.

The Operation is perform'd on the Ereafls and Thighs, to Hop or promote the Menfes; on the Navel for the Cholick. Cupping is alfo us'd for Dcfiuxions on the Eyes, for veno- mous Wounds, and Buboes ; on the Head, for Apoplexies, £5c. Cupping Glass, Cucurbitula, in Chirurgery, a Glafs Veffel, applied to certain .Parts of the Body, to draw the Blood and other Humours from within outwards; to be af- terwards difcharg'd, thro' feveral Indfions made with a Scar- ificator. See Cupping.

The Veffel is of various Dimenfions : Sometimes, infiead of Glafs, 'tis made of Wood, Florn, Brafs, Silver, SSfc.

When the Cupping is to be perform'd with Fire ; the Vef- fel is heated with Candles, Tow, a Torch, Lamp, or the like ; and in this State applied clofe to the Part : The Air