Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/508

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CRY

CRUS, among Anatomifts, is all that Part of the Body Which reacheth from the Buttocks to the Toes ; and is di- vided into Thigh, Leg, and Foot. See each in its Place, Thigh, SfJc.

CRUSCA, an Italian Term, fignifying 'Bran, or what remains of Meal after the Flower has been fifted out.

It is only in ufe among us for that celebrated Academy call'd Delia Crufca, efrablifh'd at Florence, for the Purity and Perfeftion of the Tufcan Language. See Academy.

The Academy took its Name from its Office, and the End propos'd by it j which is, to purify the Language, and as it Were to feparate it from the Bran. Accordingly, its De- vice is a Sieve, and its Motto, 11 pin bel fior ne coglie 5 that is, It gathers the finejl Flower thereof.

In the Hall or Apartment where the Academy meets, M. Monconis informs us, every thing bears an AUufion to the Name and Device : the Seats are in form of a Baker's Baf- ket; their Backs like a Shovel for moving of Corn : The Cushions of gray Sattin in form of Sacks, or Wallets 5 and the Branches where the Lights are difpos'd, likewife refera- ble Sacks.

The Dictionary Delia Crttfca is an excellent Italian Dic- tionary, compos'd by this Academy.

CRUSTA Villofa, in Anatomy, the fourth Tunic, or Coat, of the Stomach. See Stomach.

On the inner Surface of this Coat, are feen innumerable Villi or Fibrill<e, riling every where perpendicularly from it 5 which fome will have to ferve for nothing but a Defenfative to the Stomach, to preferve it from acrimonious Humours : but Dr. Drake rather takes 'em to be excretory Duels to the fubjacent Glands $ which fome Authors would have to be that now exploded thing a 'Parenchyma ; but which are, indeed, the Organs by which raofl: of that Humour which is difcharg'd upon the Stomach, is feparated ; and thefe Villi the immediate Channels thro' which it is convey'd. See Stomach.

CRUSTACEOUS Fifties, in Natural Hiftory, are thofe cover'd with Shells, confuting of feveral Pieces, or Scales ; as thefe of Gabs, Lobfters, &C. Sec Fishes.

Thefe arc ufually fofter than thofe of theTeftaceous kind, which confift of a fingle piece, ufually much thicker and fhonger than the former 5 fuch as thofe of the Oyfler, Scal- lop, Cockle, &c. See Shell.

Dr. Wood-ward obferves, in his Natural Hiftory, that of all the Shells and Nautili found in Beds of all the different Matters dug out of the Earth, there are fcarce any of the CrttftaceovA Kind: The Reafon he gives for it is, that thefe being much lighter than the reft, muft have floated on the Surface at the time of the Deluge, when all the Strata were form'd ; and there have corrupted andperifh'd. See Deluge. CRUZ ADO, in Commerce, \$a. c Portzigueze Coin, ftruck under Alfhonfus V. about the Year 1457, at the Time when Pope Calixtus fent thither the Bull of a Croifade, againft the Infidels. See Coin.

It had its Name from a Crofs, which it bears on one fide 5 the Arms of 'Portugal being on the other. A Cruzade is of the Value of 40 Sols. See Sol.

Cruzado, or Croisaee, an Expedition to the Holy Land. See Croisade.

CRYPTA, a fubterraneous Place, cr a Vault ; efpecially under a Church, for the Interment of particular Familie?, or Perfons. See Tomb.

S. Ciamfini, defcribing the Outfide of the Vatican, fpeaks of the Crypto of St. Andrew t St. Paul, Sec. See Cata- comb.

Vitruvius ufes the Word for a Part of a Building, an- fwcring nearly to our Cellar ; Juvenal, for a Cloaca.

Hence, Crypto-Portico, a fubterraneous Place, arch'd, or vaulted ; us'das an Underwork, or Paflage in old Walls. The fame is alfo us'd for the Decoration at the Entry of a Grotto. See Grotto.

Crypta, is alfo ufed by fome of our antient Writers, for a Chapel, or Oratory under ground : Egreffo toto couventu, ticcepta abfeonfa ft nox eft vadit per cryptam. Du Cange.

The Word is form'd of the Greek x-fuV/w, abfeondo, I hide 5 whence Kst/Tw, Crypte.

CRYPTOGRAPHY, the Art of Secret Writing, or wri- ting in Cipher. See Cipher, and Deciphering.

The Word is compounded of Jtfw7», I hide, and >££?», -i" describe.

CRYSTAL, in Natural Hiftory, a Kind of Mineral; or rather, atranfparent Stone, white, like a Diamond, but much inferior thereto in Luftre and Hardncfs 5 ufed for Vafes, Urns, Mirrors, &c.

The Antients were but little acquainted with the Nature of Cryftal : "Pliny fpeaks of it as harden'd, petrified Water, which was the popular Opinion of thofe Days h but Expe- rience has fhewn us the contrary : for by a Chymical Analyfis, inftead of revolving into Water, it yields nothing but a Calx, Earth, and Salts.

For the Places where 'tis found, Winy adds, that he has fecn it dug from off the higheft and rougheft Rocks of the

Alps 3 whence, douotlefs, its Name of Rock-Cryfial T" fometimes alfo found in Brooks and Rivers, but* not Yorn *1 there ■, only wafh'd down thither from off the Mountains bv the violent Rains. ->

Several Mountains of Europe, and fome of Afia, produce '" ■■' '■ If we may believe the French Relation of that Ifland yields more than all the World

Rock- Cryftal Madagafcar. befides.

Its Perfection confifts in its Luftre and Tranfparency • tnat with Straws, Dull, Clouds, gefc. is little valued. It is fre- quently found Hexagonal 5 the Edges inimitably fine and accurate.

Tis cut or engrav'd in the fame manner, with the fame Inftruments, and by the fame Workmen as Diamonds. See Diamond, and Engraving.

Cryftal is of fome ufe in Medicine, being an Aftringent • and as fuch ufed in Diarrha?as and Dyfcnteries ; 'Tis alfo ufed to increafe the Milk of Nurfcs ; and, farther, isefteern'd a good Antidote againft Arfenic.

The Word comes from the Greek K$u?eL\\@- y Glacies ■ form'd of xpy©-, frigid, and rk^, concrefco, becaufe of its refembling Ice.

'The Formation of Crystal, is delivered by F.Francifco Lana in the c Philofophical TranfaBions, to this, Effect ; ' In the Val Sabbia 1 obferv'd a fpacious round of a Mea- 1 dow, fome Parts whereof were bare of all Herbs ; where- c in, and no where elfe thereabout, Cryftals are generated; ' all Sexangular ; both Points terminating in a pyramidal e Figure, likewife Sexangular. The Country-People told ' me, They were produe'd from the Dews $ becaufe, for- 1 footh, being gather'd over night, there would others arife

c there was no mark of any Mine thereabout, I concluded
 * only in a ferene and dewy Sky. But having obferv'd that

( fame time might hinder the Vegetation on thofe Places, c and coagulate the Dew falling thereon ; For Nitre is not c only the natural Coagulum of Water, as is manifeit in c artificial Glaciations, but ever retains the abovefaid Sexan- ' gular Figure 5 which, by the way, may be the Caufe of 1 the Sexangular Figure of Snow.
 * it might be a plenty of Nitrous Steams 5 which at the

c Since Cryftals are only found in thofe narrow

c Places, 'tis probable, thence are rais'd the Exhalations 1 that concrete the Dew ; after the fame manner as the Va- 1 pour or Exhalation of Lead coagulates Quickfilver.'

Rohault fhews, that Cryftal, Diamond, &c. muft have been originally liquid, from their Figure, which is fuch as Drops of Water of the fame Size muft neceflarily have 5 and fuch as Globules of Meal or Flower, heap'd up and com- prefs'd by their own weight, might have : For as each Cryf- tal is encompafs'd and clofed round with fix others ; fo it be- comes modell'd into a hexangular Eody, confiding of equal and fquare Sides.

Boerhaave takes Cryftal to be the proper Matter, or Ba- fts of all Gems or Precious Stones, which affume this or that Colour, &c. from the different Admixture of Mineral and Metalline Fumes, with the primitive Cryftalline Matter. See Stone, Gem, ££c.

Crystal is alfo ufed for a factitious Body, cafl in the Glafs-Houfes 3 called alfo Cryftal-Glafs. See Glass.

It is, in effect, a Glafs 5 but carried, in the Melting, and in the Matter whereof it is compos'd, to a degree of Per- fection far beyond the common Glafs j tho it comes far fhort of the Whitenefs and Vivacity of the Natural Cryftal.

The beft Artificial Cryftals are thofe made at Mouran near Venice, call'd Venice Cryftals.

Crystals, in Chymiftry, exprefs Salts, or other Matters, /hot, or congeal'd in manner of Cryftal. Sec Crystalli- zation. Thus,

Crystal of Allum, is A Hum purified, and reduced into Cryftals, in the fame manner as Tartar. In like manner are Vitriol, Nitre, and other Salts cryjlalliz'd.

Cryftals of Allum are quadrangular, and brilliant like Diamonds ; thofe of Nitre, white, and oblong ; thofe of Vitriol, green, quadrangular, and Alining. See Salt.

Crystal, or Cream of "Tartar, is that Drug purify'd and diffolv'd, and again coagulated in form of Cryftals. See Tartar.

To prepare it, they boil Tartar in Water, fkim it, and ftrain it ; when cool, there are form'd little white, mining Cryftals at the Edges, as alfo a Pellicle, or Cream fwim- ming a-top.

The Cream and Cryftals were antiently fuppos'd to be different j but are now found the fame Thing. See Cream. Cryftal of Tartar is efteem'd Purgative, and Aperitive ; proper in Hydropical and Afthmatical Cafes, and Intermit- ting Fevers.

Crystal of Tartar chalybeate d, is when 'tis impregna- ted with the raoft diflbluble Parts of Iron. See Chalybeat. Crystal of Tartar emetic, is when 'tis charg'd with the fulphureous Parts of Antimony, to render it vomitive. See Emetic.

Crystal