Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/506

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Crows-feet, in the Military Art, are Irons wich four Points, of three or four Inches long ; fo that which way fo- ever they fall, one Point will be uppermoft.

Crows-feet, in a Ship, are fmall Ropes, divided by the Hole of a little Block or Pally, called the dead Man's Eye, into fix, ten, or more Parts.

CROWN, Corona, a Mark of Regal Dignity ; or an Or- nament wore on the Head by Kings and Sovereigns, as a Symbol of their Authority. See King, &c.

In the remoteft Antiquity, the Crown was only given to Gods : 'Pliny fays, that Bacchus was the firft who us'd it : 'Pberycides, cited by Tertullian de Corona, fays Saturn : Dio- dorm afcribes it to Jupiter, after his Victory over the Ti- tans : J^. Fabius 'Pitlor. afcribes the Invention to Janus ; adding, that it was an Ornament he us'd in Sacrificing : Leo the Egyptian fays, it was Ifis who firft wore a Crown ; and that it confided of Ears of Corn, the Ufe whereof lhe firft taught Men.

In this, mod Authors agree, that the Crown, originally, was rather a R.eligious than a Civil Ornament ; rather one of The 'Pontificalia, than the Regalia : that it only became common to Kings, as the antient Kings were Prictis as well as Princes ; and that the modern Princes are entitled to it, in their Ecclefiaftical Capacity rather than their Temporal.

The firit Crowns were no more than a Bandclette, or Headband, drawn round the Head, and tied behind ; as we ftill fee it in Jupiter's Heads on Medals, as alfo in the 'Pto- lemies, and the Kings of Syria.

Afterwards they confifted of two Bandelette's ; by de- grees they took Branches of different Trees ; at length they added Flowers ; infomuch that Tertullian de Corona, affures us, (from Claudius Saturninus, who had wrote expreily on the Subject) there was not any Plant whereof Crowns had not been made.

The Woods and Groves were fearch'd, to find feveral Crowns for the feveral Deities ; Thus, on Medals, we find Jupiter's Crown of Flowers, more frequently of Laurel ; Juno's of the Vine ; that of 'Bacchus, Vine with Grapes, Vine-Leaves, and Branches of Ivy, with Flowets and Ber- ries : Thofe of Caftor, 'Pollux, and the River- Gods, of Bulrumes : That of Apollo, fometimes of Laurel, fometimes of Rufhes; that of Saturn, new Figs; that of Hercules, Poplar ; that of Tan, Pine or Aldar ; that of Lucina, Dic- tamnus ; that of the HordS, the Fruits proper to each Seafon ; that of the Graces, Olive-Branches, as well as that of Miner- va : That of Venus, Rofes : of Ceres, Ears of Corn, as well as that of Ifis : That of the Lares, Myrtle or Rofemary, &c.

Crowns were not only us'd for the Statues and Images of the Gods, for the Priells in Sacrificing, and for Kings and Emperors ; but alfo for Altars, Temples, Doors of Houfes, facred Veffels, Viaims, Ships, &c.

The Poets crown'd thofe who were Victors in the Solemn Games, Warriors, &c. See Olympic, &c.

From fome Paffagcs in Eufebius Ctsfarienfis, feme Authors conclude, that Bifhops had antiently their Crowns.

The Roman Emperors had four Kinds of Crowns, flill feen on Medals ; via. a Crown of Laurel, a Radiating Crown, a Crown adorn'd with Pearls and Precious Stones ; the fourth a kind of Bonnet, or Cap, fomerhing like the Mortier.

The firft was that ordinarily ufed from the Time of Ju- lius Cffar : The Right of bearing it was granted him' by the Senate ; fome fay, on account of his Baldnefs ; and af- terwards continued to his Succeffors. Juftinian was the firft who took that of the Bonnet-kind.

The 'Papal Crown, is compos'd of a Tiara, and a triple Crown incompaffing the Tiara ; having two Pendants, like the Bifhops Mitres : Thefe three Crowns reprefent the pre- tended triple Capacity of the Pope, viz. as High Prieft, Supreme Judge, and fole Legiflator of the Chriftians. See Pope.

The Imperial Crown is a Bonnet, or Tiara, with a Semi- circle of Gold, fupporting a Globe with a Crofs a-top.

The Englijh Crown is adorn'd with four Croffes, in the manner of thofe of Malta ; between which are Flower de- Lys's. It is cover'd with fout Diadems, which meet at a little Globe fupporting a Crofs.

The French Crown is a Circle of eight Flower-de-Lys's, incompafs'd with fix Diadems ; bearing a-top a double Flower-de-Lys, which is the Creft of France.

The Spanijh Crown is adorn'd with large indented Leaves cover'd with Diadems, bordering on a Globe, furmounted' with a Crofs. See Coronet.

Among the Romans, there were various Kinds of Crowns diftributed as Rewards of Military Atchievements : The Oval Crown was the firft, made of Myrtle ; and was be- ilow'd on Generals who had been victorious over Slaves un- worthy of the Roman Valour, and who were entitled to the Honours of the leffer Triumph, call'd Ovation. See Ovation.

The fecond was the Naval or Roftral Crown, confiding of a Circle of Gold, rais'd with Prows and Poops of Ships •

The third call'd Vallaris, or Cafirenfis, was alf„ n r; of Gold, rais'd with Piles or Pailifades \ given him wh firft leap'd into the Enemies Camp, or forced the Pallifad ■ See Castrensis. es *

The fourth, call'd Mural Crown, was a Circle of Gold indented or embattel'd ; given him who firft mounted the' Wall of a Place befieg'd, and there lodg'd a Standard • This Crown we alfo find given, on Medals, to the particular Genii and Guardians of Provinces and Places. See Mur il

The fifth the Civic Crown ; made of a Branch of green Oak : given a Citizen who had fav'd the Life of another Citizen in a Battel or Affault. Sec Civic.

— ps , given to the Captain who firft grappled, or the Soldier who firft jump'd aboard, an Enemy's Snip. See Rostral. 3

See Triumph.

The feventh the Corona Obfidionalis, or Graminca, made of Grals or Herbs, found on the Ground ; given to Generals who had deiiver'd a Roman Army befieg'd by the Enemy and oblig'd him to decamp. See Ohsioional.

The eighth was alfo a Crown of Laurel, given by the Greeks to their Athlet£ ; and by the Romans, to thofe who had negotiated, or confirm'd a Peace with an Enemy : This was the leaft cfteem'd.

Befides thefe, in Antiquity, we meet with Radial Crowns given to Princes at their Tranflation among the Gods; whe- ther before or after their Death.

Cafaubon fays, this Crown was peculiar to Deities • yet 'tis certain Nero took it in his Life-time.

Athletic Crowns, were deftin'd to crown Vifiots at the Publick Games.

There are alfo Sacerdotal Crowns for the Priefts.

In an Ecclefiaftical Senfe, Crown is alfo ufed for the Cle- rical Tonfure ; which is the Mark, or Character of the fio- mijh Ecclefiafticks. See Tonsure.

This is a little Circle of Hair, fhav'd off from the Crown of the Head ; more or lefs broad, according to the Quality of the Orders receiv'd. See Order.

That of a mere Clerk is the fmalleft ; that of Priells and Monks the largeft.

The Clerical Crown, was antiently a round Lift of Hair, ftiav'd off around the Head, reprefenting a real Crown; This is eafily obferv'd in feveral antient Statues, Qfc. The Religious of S. Dominic and S. Francis ftill ufe it.

Father Daniel fays, that S. Louis ranfom'd the Crown of Thorns of our Saviour, which had been pawn'd by Baldwin Emperor of Confiantinople, for an immenfe Sum of Money; and tranfported it, with great Ceremony, to France : where 'tis ftill kept in the Holy Chapel. The Author of the Hif- tory of S. Louis, adds, that the Thorns were ftill green in his Days. Some Writers, from Clemens Alexandrinus, hold that it was made of Bramble, ex Rubo ; others of Black- Thorn, ex Rbamno ; others of White-Thorn. Thofe who fee it in the Chapel, take it to be the Juncus Marinus.

Galiot derives the Word Corona, whence Crown, from the Latin Cornu, Horn ; becaufe the antient Crowns were pointed in manner of Horns ; which were antiently, both by Jews and Gentiles, efteem'd as Marks of Power, Strength, Authority, and Empire.

Hence, in the Holy Scripture, Horns are us'd for the Regal Dignity : and accordingly, Horn and Crown, in the Hebrew, ate exptefs'd by the fame Word.

Ch. 'Pafcbal has wrote expreily de Coronis : Bandelet has made a good Number of curious Obfervations on the fame Subject, that had efcap'd Tafchal. Du Cange gives us a curious Differtation of Crowns ; and Schmeizell, a German, a Tteatife of Royal Crowns, both antient and modetn.

Crown, in Commerce, is a general Name for Coins, both Foreign or Domeftick, of, or near, the Value of five Shillings Sterling. See Money, and Coin.

In its limited Senfe, Crown is only applicable to that po- pular Englijh Coin which bears that Name, and which is equivalent to 60 Englijh Pence, or five Shillings ; or to 1} Livres 15 Sols French Money : But, in its extenfive Senfe, it takes in feveral others ; as the French Ecu, which we call the French Crown, firuck in iiJai for (To Sols, but now rifen to 5 Livres ; the Patagon, Dollar, Ducatoon, Rix- dollar, and Piaftre or Piece of Eight. See Ecu, Dollar, Ducatoon, Rixdollar, Piastre, £jc.

Crown, inArchiteflure, the uppermoft Member of the Cornice ; call'd alfo Corona and Larmier. See Corona, and Larmier.

, Crown, in Aftronomy, one of the Northern Conftella- tions. See Corona.

Crown, or Coronet, in Heraldry, is us'd for the Re- presentation of that Ornamenr, in the Mantling of an Ar- moury ; to exptefs the Dignity of the Petfon who bears it.

The Crown here is of more Antiquity even than the Helmet ; and was us'd as a Symbol of Victory and Triumph.

Radiated, or 'Pointed Crowns, are thofe of the antient Emperors, which had 12 Points ; reprefenting, as fome will have it, the twelve Months of the Year.

'Pearl'd,