Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/504

 CRO

Dodfworth and "Dttgdalc mention two Monaftcrics of this Order in England, the one at London, the other at Rygate; the firft founded in 1145, the latter in 1198 : fome add a third at Oxford, where they were receiv'd in 1341). M. M- lemand fays, there were fourteen Monaftcries of Croifters in England ; adding, that they came from Italy; thofe of the Low Countries di'fowning 'cm.

The Croifters of the Low-Countries and France, were founded in 121 r, by Theodore de Cclles Son of Bofin, who having ferv'd in a Croifade in Paleftine, in 1188, and there found fome of the Croifters inflituted by S. Clot, conceiv d a Defign of inliituting another Congregation in his own Coun- try. This is certain, that Theodore, in his return from Ta- ' leftim, engag'd himfelf in the Ecclefiaftick State ; and went in quality of Miflionary to the Croifade againft the Albigcufcs : and rhat at hi's return in 1211, the Bifhop of Liege gave him the Church of S. Thebatllt near Hay ;_ where, with four Companions, he laid the Foundation ot his Order ; which was confirm'd by Innocent III. and Ho- norius III. Theodore fent his Religious to Tholonfc, to join thofe of S. Dominic, and combat the Albigenjis ; and the Congregation multipiy'd in France. The Popes have endea- vour'd to bring the Croifters of Italy under thofe of Flanders.

The Croifters, or P'ort-croix with a Star, in "Bohemia, de- rive their Origin from S. §>uiriacm, and fay they came from Paleftiue into Earofe, where they .embrae'd the Rule of S. Augttfline, and built Monaftcrics. They add, that S. Agnes of Bohemia, to diftinguifh 'em from other Croifters, obtain'd of Innocent IV. to add a Star to their Habit. But the Story of S. JgttiriacttS has no Foundation 5 and it was Agnes herfelf, Daughter of Primtjias King of Bohemia, who inflituted the Order at Prague, in 1234- They are very numerous ; and have, now, two Generals.

CROISSANTEE, in Heraldry, la Croix Croiffante is a Crofs crefcented ; that is, having a Crefcent, or Half-Moon, fix'd on each end thereof. See Cross.

CROSETTE, in Architeflure, the Returns in the Cor- ners of Chambranles, or Door-Cafes, or Window-Frames ; call'd alfo Ears, Elbows, Anconcs, Prothyrides.

Crofette of a Luthern, the Plaifter or covering near a Lurhern.

CROSIER., or CROZIER, a Shepherd's Crook; a Sym- bol of Paftoral Authority, confifting of a Gold or Silver Staff, crook 'd a-top, carried occafionally before Bifhops and Abbots, and held in the Hand when they give fclemn Benediflions. See Bishop, and Abbot.

At one End 'tis crook'd, at the other pointed ; exprefs'd in the Verfe 5

Cttrva trabit mites, pars fungit acuta Rebelles.

The Cuftom of bearing a Paftoral Staff before Bifhops is "very antient, as appears from the Life of S. Ccefarea of Aries, who lived about the Year 500. Among the Greeks, none but the Patriarchs had a Right to the Crofter. See Patriarch.

The Crofters were at firft no more than fimple wooden Staves, in form of a T, ufed to reft and bear upon ; by de- grees they were made longer ; and at length arrived at the form we now fee them.

Regular Abbots are allow 'd to officiate with a Mitre and a Crofter. See Abbot, and Mitre.

Zta Cange obferves, that it was antiently call'd Cambuca, and Cambnta ; and the Pcrfon who bore it, Cambucarius. Papias derives the Word dfimilitlldine Crucis. Others fetch it from the old Saxon Camoc, Crook.

Crosier, in Aftronomy, four Stars, in form of a Crofs ; by help whereof, thofe who fail in the Southern Hemifphere find the Antartick Pole. See Star, and Constellation.

CROSS, Crux, a piece of Carpentry, compos'd of two Pieces of Wood, traverfing and cutting each other, ordina- rily at right Angles.

. It was ufed among the Antients, as a Punifhment for Malefactors and Slaves ; and was planted at feveral Places, in terrorern, as our Gallows, l$c.

Sozomen obferves, that it was Conftantine who by Law firft aboiifh'd the Punifhment of the Crofs; which had ob- tain'd among the Romans till his Time.

<Pezron derives the Word Crux, from the Celtic Croug, and Croas ; tho, perhaps, Croug and Croas mighc with as much Juflice be deriv'd from Crux.

As to Crucifixion, or the manner wherein the Punifhment of the Crofs was effected, the Criticks, both antient and modern, are exceedingly divided : The Foints in difpute, are Whether the Criminal was faflen'd with three Nails, or with r our ; whether the Feet were immediately faften'd to the Crofs, or wheil.er they refted on a little piece of Wood, in manner of a Step or Reft, tnyua ; whether the Crofs was planted in the Earth before the Patient was nail'd on, fattening him afterwards by means of a Scaffold rais'd the height of the Place where the Feet were to be nail'd ; or whether he was nail'd ere the Crofs was rais'd or planted, as the Painters reprefent it : or laftly, whether the Patient

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CRO

at 5a

was faften'd quite naked, or cover'd : Queftions that\ a all been occafion'd by the Crucifixion of Jefus Chrift ' VS

Invention of the Cross, Invent 10 Crucis, is an antient Feaft, folemniz'd on the third of May, in Memory of S. //„' lena's (the Mother of Conftantine) finding the true Crofs of Jefus Chrift deep in the Ground, on Mount Calvary- where Ihe ercfled a Church for the Prefervation of part of'it : t he reft being brought to Rome, and repofited in the Church of the Holy Crofs of Jcrufalem. See Feast.

Theodore! mentions the finding of three Croffcs, that of Jefus Chrift, and thofe of the two Thieves ; and that they dillinguifh'd between' 'em by means of a fick Woman, who was immediately heal'd by touching the true Crofs.

The Place is laid to have been indicated to her by s. Q n ; riacus, then a Jew, afterwards converted and canonhVd See on the Invention of the Crofs, Theodoret, Ruffin. Socra- tes, Sozom. S. Ambrofe, S. Cyril, &c.

Exaltation of the Cross, an antient Feaft, held on the 14th of September, in Memory of this, that Hcritclius re- ftor'd to Mount Calvary the true Crofs, which had been carried off 14 Years before, by Cofroes King of Pcrjia ; up. on his taking Jerufakm from the Emperor Tineas.

CKoss-Bearer, Porte-croix, Cruciger, in the Romijb Church, the Almoner of an Archbifhop, or a Primate; who bears a Crofs before him on folemn Occafions.

The Pope has the Crofs bore before him every where ; a Patriarch any where out of Rome ; Primates, Metropolitans, and thofe who have a Right to the Pallium, throughout their refpective Jurifdictions.

Gregory XI. forbad all Patriarchs and Prelates to have it bore in Pretence of Cardinals. A Prelate bears a Jingle Crofs, a Patriarch a double Crofs, and the Pope a triple one on their Arms.

Order of the Cross, or Crcisade, an Order of Ladies, inflituted in io~Sb', b) the Emprefs Eieonora de Gonzapm, Wife of the Emperor Leopold ; on occafion of the miraculous Recovery of a little golden Crofs, wherein were inclos'd two Pieces of the true Crofs ; out of the Allies of part of the Palace.

It feems, the Fire had burnt the Cafe wherein it was inclos'd, and melted the Cryftal ; yet the Wood reuiain'd untouch'd.

Cross, in Botany, is ufed to exprefs the Arrangment of the -Pctala of certain Flowers ; call'd Plants fore Cruci- formi. See Plant, and Flower.

The Flowers are not to have either more or lefs than four Petala; and their Calix only to confifl of four Pieces. The Piftil generally becomes a Fruit, call'd Siliqua. See Si-

LIQIJA.

Cross, in Heraldry, is defin'd by Guillim, an Ordinary compos'd of four-fold Lines ; whereof two arc perpendicular, and the other two tranfverfe ; for fo we muft conceive of them, tho they be not drawn throughout, but meet by Couples, in four right Angles, near the Fcls-Point of the Efcutcheon. See Or- dinary.

The Content of a Crofs is not the fame always : For when it is not Charg'd, Canron'd, nor Accompany'd, it has only the fifth Part of the Field ; but if it be charg'd, it muft contain the third Part thereof.

This Bearing was firft beftow'd on fuch as had perform'd, or at leaft undertaken, fome Service for Chrift, and the Chrif- tian Profeflion ; and is held, by fome, the moft honourable Charge in all Heraldry. What brought it into fuch frequent ufe, was the antient Expeditions into the Holy Land ; and the Floly War Pilgrims, after their Pilgrimage, taking the Crofs for their Cognizance ; and the Enfign of that War being rhe Crofs. See Croisade.

In thofe Wars, fays Mackenzy, the Scots carry'd St. An- drew's Crofs ; the French a Crofs Argent; the Englifb a Crofs Or ; the Germans Sable, the Italians Azure, the Spa- niards Gules.

St. George's Crofs, or the Red Crofs, in a Field Argent, is now the Standard in England; that Saint being the reputed Patron of this Nation.

Guillim enumerates 39 different forts of Croffes us'd in He- raldry, the feveral Names whereof here follow ; the De- fcriptions are to be look'd for under proper Articles.

A' Crofs voided, a Crofs wavy-voided, a Crofs patce fim- briated, a Crofs patee pitched on the Foot, a Crofs patce on three Parts and filched on the fourth, a Crofs engrailed, a Crofs patonee, a Crofs fory, a Crofs patonee voided, a Crofs avelane, a Crofs patee lambeanx, a Crofs furchee, a Crofs croflet, a Crofs or opt fitchee at the- Point, a Crofs bot- tom, a Crofs porriel, a Crofs urdec, a Crofs degraded fitchee, a Crofs potent, a Crofs potent pitched, a Crofs calvary, a Crofs croflet fee in 'Degrees, a Crofs patriarchal, a Crofs anchor 'd, a Crofs moline, a Crofs elechee, a Crofs f.ury, or fleurv deli fee, a Crofs double fitchee, a Crofs aftizc Points, Crofs milrine, a Croft raguled, a Crofs pointed voided, a ■oft pall, a Tan, or S. Anthony'; Croft, a Crofs voided

Croft pall.

and