Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/503

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parti"

ly what concerns the Books of the Holy Scriptures,

( 347)

,hc Canon thereof.

^"Jr'jjlalc, if we believe HalicameffZeus, is the firft Inven- of the Art of Criticifm. Ariftarchus, Halicarnaffsus jiinifdf,

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the Matter fall to the bottom. The fliinihg Part is the Croats, or Liver, which is to be feparated from the Drofs,

Varro and Longinus, diitinguifTi'd themfelves n ;n their Days. Among the Chriftians, Xtionyfius ,..-.„.„ Tj,a,rl,;,j, -R„iM„, i%chomus, S, "

l eX a?idrinus, Hefychius, Eufebius, Tichonius, S. Jerom, ni fbeodoret, were the greatefi Matters in this Art. The Decree of Pope Gelafus about the Apocryphal Books, re-

ir'd a good lliare of Criticifm. 1°jj ut the Art fell with the other Arts ; and lay ,iU the Time of Charlemaign, when it was re-eftablifh'd nder him and his Sons.

The Care which the Religious Ciflercians took to correal t j, e jlanulcripts of the Bible, fhew that the Rules of Cri- mp were not entirely unknown in the Xlth Century. Tn e Works of Johannes Sartsburienfis, Euftxtbivs, and cfzttzes, make it evident, it was cultivated in the Xllth. The Manufcripts of the Bible correfled by the Dominicans of <Paris, and the Doflors of the Sorbtmm in the XHIth, Jliew it was fubfiffing then. In the following Ages it was fli]l cultivated with more Eameftnefs ; efpecially in the XVIth and XVIIth Centuries, when all rhe World made it their Study.

from the Whole, it follows, that Criticifm, does, indeed, fuppofe an uncommon Stock of Knowledge of the Subject whereon it is employ'd : but Criticifm, it felf, is nothing elfe but good Senfe perfected by Logick.

CROCHES, among Hunters, the little Buds about the Top of a Deer's Horns.

CROCI, among Botanifts, the Apices, or fmall Knobs on the Tops of flowers. See Apices.

CROCIA, a Bi/liop's or Abbot's Crofter, or Pafloral Staff! See Crosier.

CROCODILE, in Rhetorick, a captious and fbphiftical Kind of Argumentation ; difpos'd to feduce the Unwary, and draw 'em fpecioufly into a Snare. See Sophism.

It has its Name, Crocodile, from the following Occafion, invented by the Poets.

A poor Woman begging a Crocodile that had caught her Son walking by the River-fide, to fpare and reltore him ; was anfwer'd, that he wou'd reitore, provided /he'd give a true Anfwer to a Queftion he ftiou'd propofe : The Quef- tion was, Will Irefiore thy Son or not? To this the poor Woman, fufpecting a Deceit, forrowfully anfwer'd, Thou 'tilt not : and demanded to have him reftor'd, becaufe fhe had anfwer'd truly. Thou lieft, fays the Crocodile, for if I reftore him thou haft not anfwer'd truly : I can't therefore teftore him, without making thy Anfwer falfe. See Dilemma.

Under this Head may be redue'd the Propofitions call'd Mentientes, or Infohtbiles ; which deftroy themfelves. Such is that of the Cretan Poet ; Omnes ad unum Cretenfes fem- fer mentiuntur : All the Cretans, to a Man, always lie. Either, then, the Poet lies, when he afferts that the Cretans all lie ; or the Cretans don't all lie.

CROCOMAGMA, in Pharmacy, Troches compos'd of Saffron, Myrrh, red Rofes, Starch, and Gum-Arabic : Thus call'd from the Greek nsoitsf, Saffron, and pUytM, a Mark imprefs'd on any thing.

CROCUS, a Term us'd for Saffron. See Saffron.

Crocus, in Chymiftry, is a Name given to feveral diffe- rent Preparations ; from their red, or faffron Colour.

Crocus Martis, is a Preparation of Iron 5 and is of two Kinds, viz. Crocus Martis aperiens, and Crocus Martis a- jlrivgens. See Saffron of Mars.

Crocus Martis aperiens, opening Saffron of Mars, is a Preparation of Iron Plates, made by firft warning them, then expofing 'em to the Dew, till they have contracted a Ruft ; which Ruif is fcrap'd off, and the Plates expos'd for more. See Mars.

Others prepare it by calcining Iron Filings, with an equal Weight or Sulphur. Others by clapping a Bar of Iron, red, or rather white hot, between two Rolls of Brimftone ; in which Cafe, the Iron melts, and runs down into a Veffel of Water below : which fome call Mars cum Sulphitre fra- ratus. Others have other Preparations.

M. Lemery endeavours to inew, that Iron taken in Sub- wance, is much more falutary and efficacious than when thus prepar'd ; the Procefs tending to llrip it of its oily Parr, "herein its chief Virtue refides ; leaving nothing behind but the more ferruginous Part. See Chalybeat.

Crocus Martis aftringens, binding Saffron of Iron, is a Pre- paration of Iron Filings 3 wherein they are depriv'd of their more faline Parts, by wafhing them five or fix times in "rong Vinegar, and calcining them five or fix Hours.

Crocus Metallorum, a Kind of impure, opake, Glafs of Antimony, of a liver Colour ; hence frequently call'd Liver "J Antimony ; made by firing equal Parts of Pouder of An- timony and Salt-petre, well mix'd in an Iron Mortar, co- verd with a Tile. See Antimony.

1 his is kindled by dropping in a Coal of Fire, upon which a great Detonation enfues; and the Mortar is flruck, to make

and referv'd for ufe.

Its chief ufe is in making the Vinum Emeticv.m, or Bene- diHum, by infilling an Ounce or two of the Crocus pouder'd in a Quart of Wine for 24 Hours. '

CROFT, Crofta, a little Clofe, or Pittle endofed, near a

Dwelling-houfe, either for Pafture or Tillage. — 1>offunt

etiam ditli Monachi de eifdem marifcis verfus Occident em

jacentibtts pro fe gf hominibus fitis, includere Croftos, five

,V, , n °™ t ra ti»» juxta fontem fpccialiter quantum illis placuerit.

A Ingulf.

In fome antient Deeds, Craft* occurs as the Latin Word for a Croft ; but cum Tofiis ig Croftis is molt frequent.

Croft is tranflated by Abba Floriacenfis, in preedium, a Farm.

CROISADE, or CRUZADE, or CRUZADO, a Holy War, or an Expedition againfl Infidels and Hereticks ; par- ricularly againft the 'Turks, for the Recovery ot'TaleJline.

People antiently flock'd on thefe Crufades out of Devotion; the Pope's Bulls, and the Preaching of the Priefts of thofe Days, making it appear a Point of Confidence. Hence fe- veral Orders of Knighthood took their rife. See Tem- plars, &c.

Thofe who meant to go on this Errand, diftinguiih'd themfelves by Croffes of different Colours, wore on their Clothes ; and were thence call'd Croifes : The Englifi wore 'em white. ; the French, red ; the Flemmijb, green ; the Germans, black ; and the Italians, yellow. Sec Croise.

They reckon eight Croifades for the Conquelt of the Holy Land : The firft undertook in 1005, at the Council of Cler- mont ; the fecond in' 1144, under Louis VII. the thitd in 1 188, by Henry II. of England, and 'Philip Angllftus of France ; the fourth in iioj, by Pope Celeftiu III. and the Emperor Henry VI. the fifth publifh'd in 1158, by Order of Innocent III. wherein the French, Germans, and Vene- tians engag'd 5 the fixth under the fame Pope, began tu- multuarily, in 121 3, and ended in the Rout of the Chrifti- ans 5 the feventh refolv'd at the Council of Lyons in 1245, undertaken by S. Louis ; the eighth, which was the fecond of S. Louis, and the lalt of all, in 12S8.

'Tis faid, it was the Ciflercian Monks who firft projected the Croifades ; Thilip Auguftus foilicited the Execution thereof with the Holy See ; and Innocent III. rais'd the firft Standard of the Crofs.

It was the Council of Clermont who order'd that they Jliould bear the Crofs in their Banner ; and that thofe who enter'd themfelves into the Service, fhould alfo wear it on their Clothes.

The Abbot Jufliniani makes an Order of Knighthood of the Croizes, who ferv'd in the Croizadcs.

Towards the middle of the Xllth Century, there was alfo a Croizade of the Saxons againff the Pagans of the North ; wherein the Archbifhop of Magdeburg, the Bifhops of Halberfladt, Munfter, Mersburgh, Srandenburgh, &c. with feveral Lay-Lords embark'd. And towards the Begin- ning of the fame Century, under the Pontificate of Innocent, there was alfo a Croifadc undertaken againft the Albigenfes; who were become powerful in Languedoc, ckc. See Albi-

GENSES.

CROISES, in our antient Cuffoms, Pilgrims bound for the Holy Land, or who had already been there 5 fo called from a Badge which they wore on their Garments, repre- fenting a Crofs.

The Word Croifes is alfo extended to the Knights of S. John of Jernfalem ;- created for the Defence and Protccfion of Pilgrims ; and all thofe of the Nobility, Gentry, &c. who in the Reigns of King Henry II. Richard I. Henry \\\. and Edward I. were Cruce Signati, i. e. dedicated them- felves to the Wars, for the Recovery of the Holy Land. ' See Croisade.

CROISIERS, Corte-croix, or Crucigeri, were a Religi- ous Order, or a Congregation of Regular Canons, fo call'd.

There are three Orders which have, or do frill bear this Name : one of Italy ; another in the Low Countries 5 and a third in Bohemia.

The firft pretend to be deriv'd from S. Clot ; and add, that S. ghliriacus the Jew, who iliew'd S. Helena the Place of the true Crofs, and was afterwards converted, reform 'd them. All we know for certain, is, that they fubfifted in Italy before Alexander III. mounted the Chair ; for that Pontiff, flying from Frederick 'Barberoffa, found an Afylum in the Monafteries of the Croifiers, which he afterwards, in 11S9, took under his Protection, giving 'em the Rule of S. Auguflin, &c.

They were confirm'd by fills V. but the Difcipline being much relax'd, they were fupprefs'd in ii>6, by Alexan- der VII.

Matt. <Paris fays, that the Croifiers, bearing Staff's with Croffes at the End, came into England in 1244, and pre- fented themfelves to a Synod held by the Bifhop of Rochcf ter to be admitted.

3)odfwortb