Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/502

 C R I

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C R I

Their Name is derived hence, that they have their Ori- gin in the lateral and anterior Part of the Cricodes 3 and are inferted into the inferior Part of the Ala Thyroides.

Their Ufe is to dilate the Scutiform Cartilage. SeeScu-

TIFORM.

CRIME, a Breach, or Tranfgreffion of a Law ; or, an Action contrary to the Tenor of a Law, either Natural or Divine, Civil, or Ecclefiaitick ; to which a Penalty is an- nex'd. See Law.

The Romans diflinguim'd two Kinds of Crimes, viz. 'Private Crimes, which only affefted particular Perfons ; the Profecution whereof \#as not allowed by the Laws to any but thofe interefled therein 5 as Adultery, &c. And <Publick Crimes • the Purfuit whereof was permitted to all Perfons, tho in no wife immediately interefted.

"With us, Crimes are diftinguifh'd into Capital, as 2rea- fons, Murders, Robberies, &c. and Common, as ^Perjuries, ckc.

They are again divided into Crimes cognizable by the King's Judges ; as thofe abovemention'd 5 and fuch as are only cognizable in the Spiritual Courts, as Simple Fornica- tion, ckc.

"The Term Crime includes in it the Idea of a Determina- tion, and a Defign fbrm'd to do an Injury. It is deriv'd from the Latin Crimen, of the Greek K&m, judico.

CRIMSON, one of the feven red Colours of the Dyers. See Red.

The Stuffs to be dy'd in Crimfon, after they have been clear'd of their Soap, and ftrongly allum'd, are put in a Bath of Cochineal, each according to its Colour. See Purple.

The Word comes from the Arabic Kcrmifi, of Kermes, or Hermes, red. The Bolland/Jls infinuate, that Crimjbn comes from Cremona, and is ufed for Cremonois. See Ker- mes, Cochineal, i$c.

CRINONES, in Medicine, a fort of Worms, fometimes found under the Skin, in Children ; refembling fhort thick Hairs, or BrifHes. See Worms, and Vermes.

They are alfo called Comedones, from the Latin Comedere, to eat ; by reafon they prey on the Subftance of the Child, or confume its Nourishment,

CRISIS, in Medicine, a Change, or Turn in acute Dif- cafes 5 wherein the Morbifick Matter is fo alter'd, as deter- mines the Patient either for Recovery or Death. See Cri- tical.

The Caufe of fuch Change is owing to the remaining vi- tal Force's being irritated by the Matter of the Difeafe fo or fo condition'd ; n e. fit either to be evacuated, or tran- slated, or to kill. See Disease.

If the Matter be difpos'd for Evacuation or Translation, but is not Salubrious, it produces a Change call'd a Critical 'Perturbation, or ImperfcB Crifis.

If the Change become fenfible, they are call'd Critical Symptoms, or Signs of a Crifis, either future or prefent.

The Symptoms of the Crifis are frequently confounded with thofe arifing from the Caufes of the Difeafe, the Dif- eafe it felf, or the Matter of the Difeafe 5 whence the moft unhappy Confequences. See Symptom.

The Differences between thefe critical Symptoms and morbifick ones, are, that the firft proceed from the vital Powers prevailing over the Force of the Difeafe ; but the latter from the Difeafe's prevailing over the vital Faculty : that the firft are preceded by a manifeft Concoflion, but the latter are form'd even in Crudities : that the former happen about the critical 'Times, but the latter at all Times of the Difeafe, chiefly during its Increafe.

The principal Symptoms of an approaching Crifis, are, after Digeftion, and about the critical Time, a fudden Stu- por, Draufinefs, Waking, Delirium, Anxiety, Dyfpncea, Grief, Rednefs, Titillation, Pricking, Heavinefs, Darknefs, Light, fpontaneous Tears, Naufea, Heat, Thirft, trembling of the lower Lip, &c.

The Symptoms and Ejfetls of a prefent Crifis, are, after the preceding ones, a Vomiting, Salivation, Loofenefs, thick Sediment in the Urine, bleeding at the Nofe, Hemorrhoids, Sweat, Abfceffes, Puttules, Tumors, Bubos, Parulis, Ap-

thK, e£c

CRISTA Galli, in Anatomy, an Eminence in the middle of the Os Bthmoides, advancing within the Cavity of the Cranium ; and to which is falten'd that Part of the jbura Mater which divides the Brain, called Falx. See Brain.

It has its Name from its Figure, which refembles that of a Cock's Comb.

In Adults, this Procefs appears of a piece with the Sep- tum Narhira. See Nose, and Nostrils.

CristjE is alfo a Term ufed by Anaromifts for certain Ex- crefcences arifing about the Fundament, refembling Cocks Combs.

Thefe, M. 2)ionis fays, are taken off either by Ligature, by Caut .rifation, or Amputation. When thefe Excrelcences have other Figures, they have other Names.

Crista is alio ufed for a crook'd, twilled, fpiral Eminence in the middle of the Spine of the Omoplate, See Omoplate!

CRITERIUM or CRITERION, a Judgment made of the Truth, or FaHhood of a Fropofition, or the Nature and Qualities of any Effect. See Truth. . The Doflrine of Criteria, and the Charafters and Rules thereof, make the firft Part of the Epicurean Philofophy. See Epicurean.

CRITHOMANCY, a kind of Divination, perform'd by confidering the Dough, or Matter of the Cakes offer'd in Sacrifice; and the Meal ftrew'd over the Victims to bekili'd.

Hence, in regard they ordinarily us'd Barley-Meal in thefe Ceremonies, this Kind of Divination was call'd Crithomau- cy ; from xf/3n, "Barley, and {j.a.vrua., Divination.

CRITICAL "Days, Symptoms, &c. are certain Days, and Symptoms, ufually arifing in the Courfe of acute Difeafes, as Fevers, Small Pox, &c. which indicate the Patient's State and determine him either to recover or grow worle. See Crisis.

The. Crifes have been frequently obferv'd to happen on the 7th, 14th, or :0th Day ; whence thofe have been de- nominated Critical Days.

The Word comes from the Greek Hfiw, judico, I judge.

For the 'Theory of Crifes, it may be obferv'd, that the Concoction of any morbifick Matter, and the Humour to be fecern'd, is nothing elfe but a Change theteof into iuch a due Magnitude, or Smallnefs, as ir may be carried by the circulating Blood along the Canals, and excern'd by Veffels dettin'd for that Purpofe. But if the morbifick Matter can. not be redue'd to fuch a Magnitude or Smallnefs as may correfpond to the Orifices of the Secretory Veflels ; then ei- ther an Abfcefs or a Hemorrhage will follow, if a Crifis be begun; for which Reafon, Abfceffes, iSc. are accounted lels perfect Crifes. But, that the morbifick Matter may be re- due'd to a due Magnitude, or Smallnefs, and its wifh'd-for Difcharge, there is requir'd a considerable Time, if the Quantity of Matter is large ; that is, if the Diftemper be great and fevere : And fince there are a great many Caufes, and thofe very conftant, which may occafion the Blood, and offending Humours therein, to be of a different fluidity in the Inhabitants of different Climates ; it is impoflibie but that different Spaces of Time mould be requir'd for the finifhing Concoction : which makes it impofiible to deter- mine the critical Days in one Climate, from what they are found to be in another.

The Caufes of real Critical Days, that is, fuch on which happens the laft Concocfion of the morbifick Matter, which is always attended with its Expulfion, are ail thofe Things which occafion the Humours to become of fuch a certain Magnitude or Minutenefs, and of a greater or leffer Cohe- fion; but with any given Power, Bodies unequally large, or unequally cohering, cannot be concocted in an equal Time : Wherefore, it is to be found by the Obfervations made by all Nations among themfelves, which are the ufual Caufes and Conditions of thofe Difeafes, which require a certain Number of Days to finifh fuch a Concoction in.

CRITICISM, the Art of Judging. See Crisis, and Cri- terion.

Some define the Term more at large, thus ; Criticifm is the Art of judging of the Facts of a Hiftory, or of a Work of Genius, with the variouslncidents there met with, theirStile and their Authors: So thatM. leClercmay feem to have given a defective Idea of Criticifm, when he defines it fimply the Art of entering into the Meaning of antient Authors, and of making a juft Difcernment of their genuine Works.

We may diftinguifh divers Sorts, or Branches of this Art : As, Philofophical Criticifm, or the Art of judging of Opinions and Hypothefes in Philofophy - : Theological Criticifm, the Art of judging of the Explication of Dogmata, or Doctrines of Faith, e?ir. Political Criticifm, the Art of judging of the Means of governing, acquiring, and preferving States.

But the ordinary ufe of the Word is reftrain'd to Literary Criticifm ; which, however, is of great extent, as it takes in the Art of judging of Facts: a Branch of Criticifm, which regards not only Hiftory, but alfo the Difcernment of the real Works of an Author, the real Author of a Work, the genuine Reading of a Text ; and the Art of difcovering Sup- pofititious Monuments, Charters, interpolated Paffages, Sfc.

The other Parts of Literary Criticifm, are, the Art of judging of Works of Genius, their Excellencies and Defects.

We have alfo Grammatical Criticifm, or the Art of inter- preting and difcovering the Words and Meanings of an Au- thor ; Criticifm of Antiquities, which confiiis in diftinguifh- ing genuine Medals, and the different Taftc and Spirit found among 'em, according to the different People, the different Country, and the different Times wherein they were ftruck ; the dittinguifhing between what is caft and what ftruck ; what has been retouch'd, and repair'd or added, from what is really antique ; the genuine from the fpurious, &c. and to decypher and explain 'em, &c.

Sacred Criticifm, in general, is that employ'd in Eccle- fiaftick Matters, the Hiftory of the Church, the Works of the Fathers, Councils, Lives of the Saints, i£c- but more

particularly