Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/500

 C R E

C 344 )

C R E

nd honourable Ordinary is dented, in refemblance of the Bat-

The Law was, that the Viflor, fliouU be («*^»j ^ f, Wall ;

the Vanquifh'd acknowledge his Fault in the Audiei tiement.

the People ; or pronounce the Word Cravent in the .Name of Recreantice, or Cowardice,^, and, prefently, Judgment to be given ; and the Recreant, amittere Legem terrt, '■ » become infamous. ; . „, j „.._

&fa obferves, that if the Appellant join Battle, and cry Crave,,, he is to lofe, liberal* Legein. H the Appellee cry Craven, he is to be hang'd. ; •. „„_

CRAYON a general Name for all colour d Stones, Earths, or other Minerals; ufcd in Defigning or Painting in Pallet ; whether they have been beaten and reduced to a Pafle, or are us'd in their Confidence of a Stone, after taw- ing or cutting them into long narrow Slips.

In this tail manner are red Crayons made, of Blood-hone, or red Chalk ; black ones, of Charcoal and black Lead. Crayons of all other Colours are Compofitions of Earths re- duced into Pafte. .

CREAM, the thickcfl and fatteft Part of Milk ; being that whereof Butter is made. See Milk.

The Word is dcriv'd from the Latin Cremor, which fag- nifies the fame thing ; tho in the lower Latin we find Cre-

}>M laBis. .err.

Cream of tartar, in Pharmacy, a Preparation ot iartar, otherwifc called Cryftal of tartar:

It is made by boiling Tartar in Water till it be diffolved, and p'affing the Diffblution thro' a Straining-Bag

_ . ' . ^. _, .t-_ 1} .:.Ju in 1>

Liquor being evaporated, the Remainder islet in a coo Place; where it (hoots : - a-top, in fofm of Creaw.

Half the in a cot Part of it fwimmin

This latter is properly the Cream of tartar, the reft Cryf- tal of tartar, both of the fame Nature and Ufe.

It is reputed a great Sweetncr of the Blood ; for which fome take it in Whey or Water gruel in the Spring-time to the Quantity of Half an Ounce every Morning, for three or four Weeks. ,.

Its Operation is by Stool; and, by its fahne Particles, pret- ty much alio by Urine. It's generally mix'd with lenitive Electuaries, and other gentle Catharticks, in Nepnrmc and Antivencreal Cafes, where it often proves ferviceable.

CREDENTIALS, Letters of Credit and Recommenda- tion ; efpecially fuch as are given to Embaffadors, Plenipo- tentiaries, isle, fent to foreign Courts. Sec Embassador, &c.

CREDIBILITY. See Probability, Verisimilitude, Evidence, Opinion, &c.

In the <Pbilofopbical tranfaklions, wc have a Mathema- tical Computation of the Credibility of Human Teftimony. See Testimony.

CREDIT, in Commerce, a mutual dizes or Silver, on the Reputation of the Probity and Solva- bility of a Negotiant. Sec Loan.

Letters of Credit, are thofe given to Ferfons in whom a Merchant, tSo. can trull, to take Money of his Corrcfpon- dent abroad, in cafe he happens to need it. See Letter.

Credit is alfo ufed for the Courfe which Papers, or Bills, i£c. of Commerce, have in the Publick, and among Dealers.

In this Senfe, Credit is faid to rife, when in negotiating the Actions of a Company, they are receiv'd and lold at Prices above 'Par, or the Standard of their firil Creation.

Si/credit is oppos'd to Credit, and is ufed where Money, Bills, t£c. fall below 'Par. See Par.

Credit was alfo antientiy a Right which Lords had over their Vah'ils ; confiding in this, that during a certain time they might oblige 'em to lend them Money.

In this Senfe, the Duke of 'Brittany had Credit during fifteen Days on his own Subjects, and thofe Nants ; and the Bilhop had the fame Credit or Right among his Subjects, and thofe of that Prince.

CREDITOR, a Perfon to whom any Sum of Money is due, either by Obligation, Promife, or othcrwife. See Debt, and Debtor.

The Laws of the Twelve Tables, which were the Foun- dation of the Roman Jurifprudence, allow'd the Creditor to tear or cut his Debtor to pieces, in cafe he prov'd infolvable.

Creditor, in Book-keeping. See Book-keeping.

CREED, CREDO, Symbol, a fhort, or fummary Ac- count of the chief Articles of the Chriftian Faith ; thus called from the firft Word thereof in Latin, Credo, I be- lieve. Sec Symbol.

CREEK, Part of a Haven, whete any thing is landed from the Sea. See Harbour.

So many Landing-Places as there are in a Harbour or Port, fo many Creeks there are. Crompt.

CREMASTERS, in Anatomy, an Epithet given two Mufcles otherwife called Sufpenfores ; ferving to keep the Tcfticle's fufpended. See Suspensores.

The Word comes from the Greek apsf&w, fufpendere, to fufpend, hang.

CRENATED Leaves, a Term ufed by Botanifts, for fuch'Leaves of Plants as are jagg'd, or notch'd. See Leaves.

CRENELLE, or Imbattted, in Heraldry, is when any

The Ufe hereof is, doubtlefs, taken from the F'mutes of fuch Walls being given,_ either for having been the°fir(l at mounting, or the chief in defending them.

The trench Word comes from Crcn, a Notch or Intetval • the Englifly, from its being a Place of Fighting, or Battle.'

Upton in Latin calls this Jmbatallatum, a Word forg'd from the Englijb ; but moft othets term it •Pinnatum, from <p m. na, a Battlement.

CREPITATION, that Noife which fome Salts make over the Fite in Calcination ; call'd alio Detonation. See Detonation.

CREPITUS Lnfii, in Natural Hiftary, a kind of Fun- gus, popularly call'd 'Puff-ball.

Mr. Derham obferves, that upon examining the Pouder thereof with a Microfcope, he found the Seeds to be To many exceeding fmall Puff-balls, with round Heads, and long, Jliarp-pointed Stalks ; as if made on purpofe to prick into the Ground.

The Seeds are intermix'd with much dufty Matter, and become hurtful to the Eyes ; probably by their fharp Stalks pricking and wounding it.

CREPUSCULUM, in Aflronomy, twilight ; or the Time from the firit Dawn or Appearance of the Morning, to the rifing of the Sun ; and, again, between the fetting of the Sun, and the laft Remains of Day. See Day, Ri- sinq, Setting, iic. %

The Crepufculum is ufually computed to begin and end when the Sun is about 18 Degrees below the Horizon.

The Crepufcula are longer in the Solfticcs than in the Equinoxes, longer in an oblique, than in a tight Sphere.

'Papias derives the Word from Creperus; which, he fays antientiy fignify'd uncertain, doubtful, q.d. a dubious Light.

The Crepufcula are occafion'd by the Suns Rays refrafted in our Atmofphcre, and refkaed from the Particles thereof, to the Eye. ■

Demonfl. For fuppofe an Obfervcr in O, (Tab. Jfirono- my, Fig. 41.) the fenfiblc Horizon AB, and the Sun under the' Horizon in HK ; and let the Ray S E fall in the At- mofphere below the Horizon. Since it paffes out of a rarer into a thicker Medium, it will be refracted, (fee Refrac- tion;) and that towards the Perpendicular, i.e. towards the Semidiameter C E. It will not, therefore, proceed in T, but touching the Earth in D, will fall upon A, the Eaf- tern Part of the fenfible Horizon : Nor can any other Ray befides A D, of all thofe refleacd from E, arrive at A. But now, fince the Particles of the Atmofphere reflefl the Loan, of Merchan- Sun's Rays, (fee Reflection ;) and fince the Angle DAC is equal to C A O ; the Rays refleaed in A will be carried to O, the Place of the Speaator ; who will therefore fee the P'article A fhining in the fenfible Horizon, and confe- quently the beginning' of the Morning Crepufculum.

And in the fame manner might be fhewn the Refraaion and Rcflcaion of the Sun's Rays in the Atmofphere, in the Evening Crepufculum.

Kepler; indeed, affigns another Caufe of the Crepufcu- lum, via. the luminous Matter around the Sun ; which ari- fing near the Horizon, in a circular Figure, exhibits the Crepufculum ; in no wife, as he would fhew, owing to the Refraaion of the Atmofphere.

the Depth of the Sun below the Horizon, at the 'Begin- ning of the Morning Crepufculum, or End of the Evening one, is determin'd in the fame manner as the Arch of Vi- fion ; vis. by obferving the Moment wherein the Air firit onhTBifno7'of begins to mine in the Morning Crepufculum, and that where- in it ceafes in the Evening ; and finding the Sun's Place for that Moment. _,',•„

Jlhazan found it 19 Degrees ; tyeho ij° ; Rothmmtmis zq. ; Stevinus 18° ; Caffini sf ; Ricciolus, in the Equi- noxes in the Morning, \6°, in the Evening 20 ;o' ; in the Summer Solftice in the Morning, zl° 15'; in the Winter Solftice in the Morning 17 -5'.

Nor need we wonder at this Difference among Aftrono- mers ; the Caufe of the Crepufculum being inconllant : For, if the Exhalations in the Atmofphere be either more co- pious, or higher than ordinary ; the tllommg.fr epufewton will begin fooner, and the Evening hold longer than ordi- nary : For the more copious the Exhalations are, the more Rays will they refka, confequcntly the more will they mine; -nd the higher they are, the fooner they will be illumin d To this it may be added, that in a denier Air,

by the Sun. To this it may L~_ *^...„, -..- --

the Refraaion is greatet ; and that not only the Brighrncis of the Atmofphere is variable, but aifo its Height from the

Hence, when the Difference between the Sun's Declina- nation and the Depth of the. Equator is lefs than 18, and does not, ineffea, exceed 15° 5 the Creplfiulum will con- tinue the whole Night. ,

the Elevation of the 'Pole P R, (Fig. a*.) and the Sinn °i •Declination being given, to find the Beginning oj the Morn-