Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/499

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C R A

The Word comes from the Greek r. ej ,. n e G a y» Welmet i Champ-Iron, a Piece of r ror ,,_ bent at each Extreme, in regard it ferves to defend the Br;

C R A

The Word comes from the German Kramfff.

''1*7' 3 F li CCe p° f '""I- ^. at each hare, » e. in regard it ferves to defend the Brai

fervi „g to bind together Pieces or Wood, Stones, or other Tezron, again, derives w i™ from the Celtic Cra/fiom

Thing 5 '- its roundnefi. '

Thus, we fay, Thcfe Stones are bound together byCramt- CRANK, a Contrivance in Machines, in manner of an

lrm fallen d m Lead & c. Some derive the Word by Elbow, only of a fciuare form ; projecting out from an Axis

Corruption, from Agra/on, or the Italian Rampone, whtch or Spindle ; and ferving by its Rotation, to raife and fail the

fgnifies the fame thing

CRAMPONNEE, in Hcraldr

Cramponee, is that which at each End has Cramp, or fquare Piece coming from it ; as in the Pigure adjoining. See Cross.

CRAMPOONS, CRAMPONS, pieces of Iron, hooked a t the Ends 5 for the drawing or pulling up of Timber, Stones, 5i?c.

CRANAGE, a Liberty to ufc a Crane, for drawing up Wares out of a Ship, or Hoy, s£c. at a Wharf; and to make Profit thereof.

Piftons of Engines for railing Water, j£c, , r r „ Crank, in the Sea Language. A Ship is faid to be A Lrojs Crank, when /he cannot bear her Sail, or can bi

„. but » imall Part, for fear of overfetting. She is alfo faid to be Crank by the Ground, when her Floor is fo narrow, that .(lie cannot be brought on ground without danger.

CRAPE, a light tranfparent Stuff, in manner of Gauze 5 made of raw Silk, gumm'd and twitted on the Mill ; wove without croffing, and much ufed in Mourning.

Crapes are either crap'd, i. e. crifp'd, or fmtotb : the firft double, expreffing a clofer Mourning; the latter fingle, ufed for that more remote. Note, white is referv'd for young People, or thofe devoted to Virginity.

The Silk deftin'd for the firft is more twifted than that The Word alfo fignifies the Money taken, or paid for that f oc the fecond ; it being the greater or lefs degree of twift-

& Ao'«vp, at. j.- r 1 ■ -n -,j- r 1. •/■ ln 8- efpecially of the Warp, which produces the Crifbage, CRAMs, a Machine ufed in B y n ;,. un i f a m .j. — .... -r.1 r„?

large Stones and other Weights.

M. ferrattlt, in his Notes on Vitruvius, makes rhe Crane the lame with the Corvus, Crow of the Antients. See Corvus.

The modern Crane confifls of fevcral Members, or Pieces, the principal whereof is a ftrong perpendicular Beam, or Arbor, firmly fix'd in the Ground, and fuftain'd by eight Arms, coming from the Extremities of four Pieces of Wo id laid acrofs, thro' the Middle whereof the Foot of the Beam palfes. Abour the middle of the Arbor the Arms meet, and are mortais'd into it : its Top ends in an Iron Pivot, whereon is bore a tranfverfe Piece, advancing out to a good diftance in manner of a Crane's Neck ; whence the Name.

The Middle and Extremity of this is again fuftain'd by Arms from the middle of the Arbor ; and over it comes a Rope, or Cable, to one end whereof the Weight is fix'd ; the other is wound round the Spindle of a Wheel, which turn'd, draws the Rope, and that heaves up the Weight; to be af-

Building, for the railing gi ven ft when taken out of the Loom, fteep'd in clear* Wa- ter, and rubb'd with a piece of Wax for the Purpofe.

They are all died raw. The Invention of Crapes comes from Boulogne : But the chief Manufacture hereof is at Lyons.

Hittory tells us, that S. Bathilda, Queen of France, made a fine Crape, Crepam, of Gold and Silver, to lay over rhe Body of S. Eloy. The Bollandifls own they can't find what this Crept was. Sinet fays it was a Frame to cover the Body of the Saint withal : But others, with reafon, take it to be a tranfparent Stuff, thro' which the Body might be feen ; and that this was the Crepa whence our Crape is fornVd.

CRAPULA, a Surfeir by over-eating and drinking. See Surfeit, and Plenitude.

CRASIS, in the Animal Oeconomy, a due Temperament or

Confutation of the Blood ; wherein the feveral Principles,

Salt and Oil, whereof it is compofed, are found in their

rewards appliedtoanyS.de or Quarter, by the mobility juft Proportion and Purity : in conrr.uliilinction to a Dilcrafy,

of the tranfverfe Ptece on the Pivor. whic h confifts in an improper Union of the Principles; or in

Uane is alio a popular Name for a Syphon. Sec Syphon, an unnatural State of fome thereof. The chief Difcrafies

Lrane-Zwzm, in a Ship, are Lines going from rhe upper the Blood is fufccptible of, whence flow moft of the Difeafes

End of the Spnt-fail-top-maft, to the Middle of the Fore- of the Body, are Coagulation, Ttijfoluiion, an Exccfs of Oil.

"S ,...„„ . . . ", „ „ or of Salt. See Blood ; fee alfo Coagulation, He.

UlAMUM, in Anatomy, an Affemblage of feveral The Word is Greek, r. & :<sK, fignirjing Mixture, Tempe-

Bones, which cover and enclofe the Brain and Cerebellum ; rament.

..„.,.. 1-..1.. Tl'J .1.= Ol. ..II 0-_ Tl_ ... -.3 „

popularly call'd the Skull. See Brain, &c.

It is divided into two Tables, or Lamine, laid or applied over each other ; between which is a thin fpongious Sub- ftance, made of bony Fibres detach'd from each Lamina, and full of little Cells of different Bignelfes, call'd Diploe, or Meditidlium. See Diploe.

The Tables are hard and folid, the Fibres being clofe to one another ; the Diploe is foft, in regard of the bony Fi hres being at

Crasis, in Grammar, a Figure, whereby we join two Syllables into one ; call'd alio Synenefis. See Svnerjesis. Thus, in Virgil's fourth Eclogue,

Orpbei Calliopea lino fcrmofus Apollo.

there is a Crafts in the Word Orpbei, which here only con- fifts of two Syllables.

CRASSAMENTUM, a Term ufed by fome Anatomifts, a greater Diftance : A Contrivance whereby for the Cruor of the Blood ; or that Part which, upon Hand- ing to cool and feparate, forms the Coagulnm : In oppofition to the Serum, or Whey, wherein it fwims. See Cruor.

Some Authors have fuppofedthe Craffamentum ro be fpe- cifically lighter than the Serum ; but Dr. Jur'tn ihews the contrary from repeared Experiments. See Blood.

CRATER, Cup, in Aftronomy, a Conftellation of the Southern Hemifphere. See Constellation.

The Stars in the Conftellation Crater, in Ttolemy's Cata- logue are 7 ; in Tycbo's 8 ; in the Britannic Catalogue 11. . ,£™ re 'j 8 rou "?; wnic 'i is an^advantage to its Capacity; The Order, Names, Longitudes, Latitudes, Z$c. whereof,

are as follow.

the Skull is not only made lighter, but lefs liable to Fractures, The external Lamina is fmooth, and cover'd with the Pericranium ; the internal is likewife fmoorh, abating the Furrows made by the Pulfation of the Arteries of the Dura Mater, ere the Cranium be arriv'd at its Confiftence.

It has feveral Holes, thro' which it gives paffage to the Spinal Marrow, Nerves, Arteries, and Veins, for the Con- veyance and Re-conveyance of the Blood, (£c. between the Heart and rhe Brain.

but a little deprefs'd, and longifh; advancing out behind, Md flatted on the two Sides, which form the Temples ; which contribute to the Enlargement of the Sight and Hearing. ° °

It is compofed of eight Bones, fix whereof are proper, and two common : The proper are, the Bone of the Fore- ncad, Os Frontis, that of the back of the Head, Os Occi- ?"", the two Ojfa Tarietalia, and the two of the Tem- P les > Ojfa Tempontm. See each in its Place, Frontis, Oc- ci "tis, Temporis, esfc.

In the Eminences of the Bones of the Temples, is con- a 'nd the Organ of Hearing, with the four little Bones be- eping thereto, viz. the Malleolus, Incus, Stapes, and Os Vrhculare. See Hearing.

The common Bones are the Os Spl'etioides, and Etbmoides.

0e e!>PHENOIDES. tfc.

Stars in the Conftellation Crater.

The

- he Cranium has three common Sutures, "om the Jaw : It has others proper

Renuinc, the Commits, Sagittalis, and Lambdoides ; the reft 'ous, call'd Sqttammofe, or T'emporales. See Suture, i$c.

which divide it whereof there are three

Names and Situations of the Stars.

That In the Eafis

Prcced. of 3 in the Middle of the Cup South, in the Middle of the Cup Preced. in the North Part of the > Circumference of the Mouth S Middle of 3 in the Middle of the Cup

Subf. in North Circtimf. of the Mouth

J11 the North Handle

In the Middle of the Mouth

In the South Circumf. of the Mouth

In the South Handle

SB Longitude.

Latitude.

s

3

«

., „

OQ

nc 19 2« 22 23 25 5

3

5° 5°

22 42 47 17 j? 20 20 47 43

4 3

4 4

21 55

59

13 28 28

4

24 56

16

19 39 22

4

23 9 20

24 16 16

25 8 52 29 45 50

£. I 47 42

14 35 IS II 18 3J 14 13 J J 18 17 2?

16 4 46

6 4 5 4 4

S 3 53

♦ 1

17 S2 59

5 «

rp,. ' . "7 **~tinrtvjee, ui ± Ki/ijfui uiey. oec gut uhh, c^i-

of j r vif ' on of thc Cranium into Pieces by Sutures, i to ?h a* ' as i[ makes !t lefs liab,e to bre ak, gives paflagi ford v mbranes which fuftain the 'Pericranium, and af- <" Vent to the Matter of infcnfible Perforation.

r «ACTURE, gfc. r

Crater, in Falconry, any Line on which Hawks are faften'd when reclaimed. See Reclaim.

CRAVEN, or CRAVENT, in our antient Cuftoms, a See Trial by Battle, upon a Writ of Right. See Combat.

The