Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/494

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this or that County, or Province, and allotting for their Maintenance a certain Proportion of Money, anting from the Prince's Profits in the Pleadings and Forfeitures ot the Provinces. To this Purpofe he quotes an anticnt Record ; thus, Hen.'U. Rex Anglie»?»- They have feveral Kinds of thefe Counts, or Graffs ; as Landgraves, Marcbgraves, Burgraves, and Pal/graves, or Counts 'Palatine.

Thefe laft are of two Kinds ; the one are ot the dum- ber of Princes, and have the Inveftiture of a Palatine; the others have only the Title of Count •Palatine, without the Inveftiture of any Palatinate. See Palatinate.

Some affert, that by publickly profeffing the Imperial Laws for 20 Years, the Perfon acquires the Dignity of a Count 'Palatine ; and there are Inftances of Profeffors of Law, who have affum'd the Title accordingly ; but there there are others who call the Right in doubt.

Count, in Law, the original Declaration in a Real Ac- tion ; as the Declaration is in a Perfonal one : The Libellus of the Civilians comprehends both.

Tet, Count and Declaration are fometimes confounded ;

as Count in Debt, Count in Appeal,^. See Declaration.

'CovtiT-fVbeel, in Clock-work, a Wheel which moves

round in 12 Hours ; call'd alfo the Locking-Wheel. See

Wheel, and Clock.

COUNTER, of the Latin Prepofition contra, againft, is ufed in the Composition of divers Words in our Language ; and generally implies the Relation of Oppofition.

Counter-earry, or Contre-barre, is ufed by the French Heralds, for what we more ordinarily call 'Bendy finifterper Bend countercbang'd. See Barry.

Counter-bendy, or Contre-bend, in Heraldry, is ufed by the French to exprefs what we more ordinarily call Ben- dy of Six per Bendjinifter countercbang'd. See Bendy.

Counter-chano'd, in Heraldry, is when there is a mutual Changing of the Colours of sition, and Harmony^ the Field and Charge in an Efcutcheon, by means of one or more Lines of Partition.

Thus, in the Coat of the famous Chaucer : He beareth, Party per Pale Argent and Gules, a bend countercbang'd ; that is, that Part of the Bend, which is in that Side of" the Efcutcheon which is Argent, is Gules ; and that Part of it which is on the other, is Argent.

Counter-chevron'd, denotes a Shield Chevronny, or rted by fome Line of Partition. See Chevron.

Counter - composed, or Contre-com- pone, or Counter-compony, in Heraldry, i fiBll 1 is when a Bordure is compounded of two Ranks of Fanes 5 as in the adjoining Figure. When it confifts but of one Rank, it is call'd Complied; and when of more than two, Chee- ky. See Checky, iSc. Counter-ermine. See Ermine. Counter- paled, or Contre-palle, is when the

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Counter-Bond, is a Bond given to fave a Perfon harm- lefs, who has given his Bond for another. See Bond.

This is alfo call'd Counter-fecurity.

Counter-Charge, is a reciprocal Recrimination, or Charge, brought againft an Accufer. See Charge.

Counter-Deed, a fecret Writing, or a private Act, either before a Notary, or under a private Seal ; which deftroys, changes, annuls or alters fome more folemn and publick Aft.

Counter-Deeds, are rather tolerated than permitted : in many Cafes they are actually prohibited ; as being ufually no berter than Frauds.

The Cuftom of Paris annuls all Counter-Deeds, contrary to the Tenour of a Marriage.

Counter-Plea, in Law, a Replication to a Prayer.

Thus, when a Tenant by Courtefy, in Dower, or other Real Aaion, prays the View or Aid of the King, or him in the Reverfion, for his better defence ; or if a Stranger to the Action begun, defire to be admitted, to fay what he can for the Safeguard of his Ettate : That which the De- mandant alledges againft this Requeft, why it Ihould not be admitted, is call'd a Counter-Plea. -

Countersigning, the Signing an Order, or Patent of a Superior, in quality of Secretary ; to tender the Thing more authentick.

Charters, (gc. are fign'd by the King, and counter-Jign d by a Secretary of State or Ld.Chancellor. See Signature.

Counter-charm, a Charm or Spell, contrived to hinder the Effect of another. See Charm, Spell, Ligature, &c.

Counter-foil, or Counter-stock, is that Part ot a Tally ftruck in the Exchequer, which is kept by an Offi- cer of the Court. See Tally, and Exchequer.

Counter-Fugue, in Mufick, is when the Fugues proceed contrary to one another. See Fugue.

Counter-part, a Part of fomething oppofite to another Parr. See Part.

Thus, in Mufick, the Bafs and Treble are two Counter-

farts, or oppofite Parts.

Counter-point, in Mufick, the Art of compofing Har- mony ; or of difpofing and concerting feveral Parts fo toge- ther, as that they make an agreeable Whole. See Compo-

Efcutcheon is divided into twelve Pales parted per Feffe, the two Colours being counter- chang'd : fo that the upper are of one Colour, or Metal, and the lower of anorher.

Counter-passant, is when two Lions are in a Coat of Arms, and one appears to be paffing or walking quite the contrary way from the other. See Passant;

Counter-pointed, by the French call'd Contre-pointe, is when two Chevrons in one Efcutcheon meet in the Points; the one rifing, as ufual, from the Bafe ; and the other in- verted, falling from the Chief: So that they are counter, or oppofite to one another in the Points.

They may alfo be counter-pointed the other way ; that is, when they are founded on the Sides of the Shield, and the Points meet that way ; call'd Counter-pointed in Feffe.

Counter-potent, or Potent Counter-potent, by the French Heralds call'd Contre-potence, is reckon'd a Fur, as well as Vair and Ermine ; but compos'd of fuch Pieces as reprefent the Tops of Crutches, call'd in French Potences, and in old Engtijb, 'Patents. See Fur.

Counter-quarter'd, by the French call'd Contre-efcar- tele, denotes the Efcutcheon, after being quarter'd, to have each quarter divided again into two : So that there are eight Quarters, °r Divifions. See Quarter.

Counter-salient, is when two Beafts are borne in a Coat of Arms in a Pofture of leaping from each other, di- rectly the contrary way. See Saliant.

Counter-tripping, is when two Beafts are borne in a Coat of Arms tripping, i. e. in a walking Pofture, and the Head of the one to the Tail of the other. See Tripping.

Counter-change, a mutual Exchange between two Parties. See Exchange.

Counter-breast-work, in Fortification, a Falfe-Braye. See False Brave.

Counter-point is divided intofimple, and figurative; agree- ably to the Divifion of Harmony, into the Harmony of Concords, and that of Difcords. See Concord.

Counter-point took its Name hence, when Mufick in Parts was firft inttodue'd, their Harmony being fo fimple they us'd no Notes of different Time, and mark'd their Confonances by Points ;fet againft each other. Hence, in regard of the Equality of the Notes of Time, the Parts were made Concord in every Note.

This afterwards became denominated fimple and plain Counter-point ; to diftinguifh it from another Kind, wherein Notes of different Value were us'd, and Difcords brought in betwixt the Parts, which they call figurative^ Counter-point.

Simple Counter-point, or the Harmony of Concords, con^ lifts of the imperfect, as well as the perfect Concords ; and may therefore be denominated perfect, or imperfect, ac- cording as the Concords are, whereof it is compos'd : Thus, the Harmony arifing from a Conjunction of any Note with its Fifth and Octave, is perfect ; but with its Third and Sixth imperfect.

Now, to difpofe the Concords or the Natural Notes and their Octaves in any Key in a iimple Counterpoint, obferve, with regard to the Diftinction into perfect and impetfect Harmony, this general Rule, viz. to the Key /, to the 4th /, and to the 5th/, a perfect Harmony mult be join'd ; to the 2d f, the 3d /, and 7th, an imperfect Harmony is in- difpenfible ; to the 6th /, either an imperfect or perfect Harmony.

In the Compofition of two Parts, obferve, that tho a third appears only in the Treble on the Key/' the 4th f, and the 5th /; yet the perfect Harmony of the Fifth, is always fuppos'd, and mutt be fupplied in the Accompany- ments of the thorow Bafs to thofe fundamental Notes.

More particularly, in the Compofition of two Parts, the Rules ate, That the Key / may either have its Octave, its Third, or its Fifth ; the fourth / and fifth / may have either their refpective Thirds or Fifths, and the firft may have its Sixth ; as, to favour a contrary Motion, the latt may have its Ocfave.

The fixth/ may have either its 3d, its 5th, or its <fth. The fecond /, third /, and feventh /, may have either their refpective 3ds or 6ths ; and the laft, on many occafions, its falfe 5th. Which Rules hold the fame both in flat and ftiarp Keys.

For the Rules of Counter-point, with regard to the Suc- ceffion of Concords ; it muft be obferv'd, That as much as can be in Parts, may proceed by a contrary Motion, ;'. e. the Bafs may afcend when the Treble defcends, and vice verfa. The Parts moving either upwards or downwards rhe fame way ; two Octaves or rwo Fifths never to follow one another immediately. Two Sixths never to fucceed each

other