Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/492

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the Soil is fo favourable that they can have three Crops in a Year. There arc ordinarily brought from Smyrna ioooo Bales of Cotton per Annum ; and yet there is, at leaft, as much more (pent in the Manufaftures of the Country.

For the Spun Cottons, they are diftinguifh'd by various Kames, the beft are thofe from Jerufdem, call'd Sazacs ; and thofe of Samafcm, call'd Cottons of the Ounce • others are <Demi-$azMS, Saladins, <Payas, Cottons Jofiph, Gem-

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Priefts and Sacrificers for a very lingular kind ot OownS, wore by them alone.
 * Cotton antiently only grew in Egypt, and was tfsM by the

Co«o«, applied to Wounds in lieu of Linen, produces an Inflammation : Leewenhoeck, examining into the Rea- fon of this with a Microfcope, found its Fibres to have each two flat Sides ; whence he concludes, that each of its minute Parts muft have two acute Angles, or Edges 5 which acute Edges being not only thinner and mora- lub- tile than the Globules whereof the flefhy Filaments confitt, but alfo more firm and ftiff than any of the globulous Flefh ; it follows, that upon the Application of Cotton to a "Wound, its Edges mufl not only hurt and wound the Glo- bules of the Flefh, but alfo cut inceffantly the new Mat- ter brought to 'em to produce new Flefh 5 and that with the more eafe, as this Matter, not having attain'd the Firmnefs and Confidence of Flefh, is the lefs able to refift its Attacks : Whereas the Linen ordinarily ufed in Wounds, being compos'd of little round Parts, very clofe to each other, form larger Maffes, and are thus incapable of hurt- ing the globous Parts of the Flefh.

Menage derives the Word from the Latin Cotonea, the fine Mofs growing on Quinces, which refembles Cotton : But iticod fays, the Arabs call it Cotum and Bombafum ; whence our Cotton, and Bombazon.

COTYLA, a liquid Meafu're, in ufe among the Antients. See Measure.

Some have computed the Cotyla to be equal to a Roman Semi-feptary. Savot adds, that the Roman Cotyla contain'd twelve Ounces of any Liquor. Upon which Principle, there mufl have been" as many Cotyla as there were Liquors ordinarily fold j which is nothing ftrange, fince, in feveral Countries, we flill find Meafures of different Capacity, call'd by the fame frame, when they contain the fame Weights, tho under different Bulks.

Fannius fays, the Cotyla was the fame thing with the Hemina, which was half a Sextary. See Hemina.

At Cotylas, qttas, Jz placeat, dixijjfe licebit Heminas, recipit Geminas j'extarius unus.

Chorier obferves, that the Cotyla was us'd as a dry Mea- fure as well as a liquid one ; from the Authority of I'hticy- dides, who in one place mentions two Cotyla of Wine, and in another two Cotyla of Bread. The Word comes from the Greek jcotvAh.

Cotyla, or Cotyle, or Cotyloides, in Anatomy, a Name given the Cavities at the Extremities of large Bones, encompafs'd with thick ftrong Edges, which receive the Heads, or Apophyfes of other Bones articulated with them.

Such is the Cavity in the Ifchion, or Hip-Bone, which receives the Head of the Bone of the Thigh.

It is alfo called Acetabulum, i.e. Cup. See Acetabulum.

COTXXEDONES, in Anatomy, little Glands difpers'd throughout the outermoft Membrane of the FtspttS, call'd Chorion, (feeCnoRiON 5) andfuppos'd to feparate a nutritious Juice for the Subfiftence of the ratffl. But Cotyledones, in this Senfe of the Word, are only found in Sheep, Goats, and fome other Animals ; the ^Placenta in the Womb, fupplying the Place thereof in Women. See Placenta.

Other Authors ufe Cotyledones for the Apertures of the Veins in the inner Surface of the Womb. See Matrix.

In Latin they are call'd Acetabular from their refemblance of a Cup.

COWARD, in Heraldry. When a Lion is born in any Efcutcheon, with his Tail doubled or turn'd in between his Legs, they call it a Lion Coward.

COUCH, in fainting, is ufed for each Lay or Impreffion of Colour, whether in Oil or Water, wherewith the Fainter covers his Canvas, Wall, Wainfcot, or other Matter to be painted. See Painting.

Thus, we fay, A Painting has had its laft Couch, or Lay ; a Ceiling has had two Couches. There is a great deal of Art in couching the Colours well, one after another.

The Word is alfo us'd for a Lay or Impreffion on any thing, to make it more firm and confident, or to fkreen it from the Weather.

Thus, Paintings are cover'd with a Couch of Varnifh : A Canvas to be painted, mufl firft have two Couches of Size ere the Colours be laid. Two or three Couches of white Lead, are laid on Wood ere the Couch of Gold be applied : The Leather-gilders lay a Couch of Water and Whites of Eggs on the Leather, ere they apply the Gold or Silver Leaf.

The Gold Wire-drawers ufe the Word Couch for the Gold or Silver Leaf wherewith they cover the Mats to be gilded or filver'd, before they draw it thro' the Iron that is to give it its proper thicknefs. See Wire-drawing.

The Gilders ufe Couch for the Quantity of Gold or Sil- ver Leaves applied on the Metals in gilding or filvering. Each Couch of Gold is but one Leaf, or two at moft, and each of Silver three 5 to gild : If the Gilding be hach'd, there are requir'd from eight to twelve Couches, and only three or four if it be without haching. To Silver there arc requir'd from four to ten Couches, according to the Beauty of the Work. See Gilding.

COUCHANT, in Heraldry, is underflood of a Lyon or other Beaft, when lying down 5 but with his Head lifted up : which diftinguifhes the Pofture of Couchant from Dormant, when he is fuppos'd quite ftretch'd out and aileep.

GOUCHE, in Heraldry, denotes any thing laid all along : Thus, Chevron Coucbee, is a Chevron lying fidewife with the two Ends on one fide of the Shield, which fhould pro- perly reft on the Bafe.

COUCHING of Cataracts. See Cataract. COVENANT, the Confent or Agreement of two or more Parties, to do or perform the fame thing. See Convention, and Contract.

A Covenant feems to be much the fame with a 'Paffium, or Conventum among the Civilians. See Pact. Covenant is either in Law, or in Fa£i. Covenant in Law, is that which the Law intends to be made, tho it be not exprefs'd in Terms : As, if the LefTor demife, and grant a Tenement to the LefTee for a certain Term 5 the Law intends a Cove?ia?zt on the LefTor's Part, that the Leffee ilia 11, during the Term, quietly enjoy th® Leafe againft all lawful Incumbrances.

Covenant in FaB, is that which is expfefty agreed be- tween the Parties.

There is alfo a Covenant merely ^erfonal, and a Cove- nant Real. Fitzherbert defines a Covenant Real to be that whereby a Man ties himfelf to pafs a thing real, as Lands or Tenements, or to levy a Fine on Lands,- &c.

Covenant merely t'erfonal, is where a Man covenants with another by Deed to build him a Houfe, or to ferve him, £f?c.

COVERING, in Architecture, one of the principal. Parts of a Building. See Roofing.

CO-VERSED Sine, a Term fome People ufe for the re- maining Part of the Diameter of a Circle, after the verfed Sine is taken from it. See Sine.

COVERT, in Law. Feme Covert denotes a Woman to be married, and fo cover'd by, or under the Protection of, her Husband. See Coverture.

Covert Way, in Fortification, a fpace of Ground level with the Field, on the Edge of the Ditch, ranging quite round the Half-Moons, and other Works on the fide of the Country.

It is otherwife call'd Corridor y and hath a Parapet fais'd on a Level, together with its "Banquets and Glacis, which form the Height of the Parapet, and ought to follow the Parapet of the Place, till it is infehfibly loft in the Field. See Parapet.

One of the greateft Difficulties in a Siege, is to make z Lodgment on the Covert-Way ; becaufe, ufually, the Be- fieged pallifade it along the Middle, and undermine it on all Sides. This is fometimes alfo called the Counterfcarp, becaufe it is on the Edge of the Scarp. See Counter- scarp.

COVERTURE, in Law, is particularly applied to the State and Condition of a married Woman 5 who, by the Laws of our Realm, is under Covert-Baron, or fub potejlate viri ; and therefore difabled to make Bargains with any, to the Prejudice of her felf or her Husband, without his Con- fent and Privity 5 or at leaft without his Allowance and Confirmation : And if the Husband alien the Wife's Lands, during the Marriage, fhe cannot gainfay it during his Life. See Feme.

COUGH, In Medicine, t$c. See Tussis. COVINE, a deceitful Compact, or Agreement between two or more, to deceive or prejudice a third Perfon.

As, if a Tenant for Life confpire with another, that this other fliall recover rhe Land which the Tenant holds in prejudice of him in Reverfion.

Dr. Skinner takes the Word to be a Corruption of the Latin Conventum, and therefore writes it Coven. See Con- spiracy.

COVING, in Building. When Houfes are built projec- ting over the Ground-plot, and the turn'd Projec/ture arch'd with Timber, lath'd and plafter'd 3 the Work is call'd Co- ving. See Alcove.

Coving Comiche, is a Corniche with a great Cafement, * or Hollow therein. See Cornich.

COUL, or COWL, a Habit wore by the Sernardins, and Benediffins.

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