Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/466

 CON

( 3 IQ )

CON

Atnictiamber, where the Courtiers wait Fur Admiffion ; and called i confiflente multitudme.

Con-istory was alfo the Name of a Court under Cm- (tontine, where he fat in Perfon, and heard Grafts : 1 he Members of this Court were called Conines. See Count.

Consistory is alfo ufed among the Reform d, tor a Councilor Affemby of Minifters and Elders, to regulate their Affairs, their Difcipiine and Policy. ,',.«..

Consistory, or Court Chriftian, in the Engkfh Laws is a Council-houfe of Fcclefiaftical Pcrfons, or the Place of Jul- tice in the Ecclefiaftical or Spiritual Court See Court.

Every Archbifliop and Eifhop has a Confifiory- Court, held before his Chancellor or Commifftry, either in his Cathe- dral, in fome Chare], Hie, or Portico belonging thereto ; or in fome other convenient Place of his Dioccls, for Ecclefial- tical Caufes. See Ecclesiastical.

The Spiritual Court was anticntly, in the lime ot the Saxms, joined with the County or Hundred Court : And .the Original of the Cmfifiory Court. as divide<1 fr ° n l tho a Courts, is found in a Law of the Conqueror, quoted by my Lord Coke. . . ..

CONSOLATION, is one of the Places in RhetoticJc, whereby the Orator endeavours to abate and moderate the Grief or Concern of another. See Place.

In Omfolation, a principal Regard is to be had to the Circumflances and Relations of rhe Parties. Scaliger coo- fiders this exceeding well, it Arte <Poetica : ' Tfie Coafi- « Inter, fays he, is either a Superior, an Inferior, or an Equal; <■ with regatd, either to Preferment, Honour, Wealth, Wil- ' dom, or Age. Now, Livia is to comfort Ovid, in a man- c net very different from that wherein Ovid comforts Zivia, ' Thus, as to Authority, a Farher and Son, Cicero mi <Pom- ' fey are ro conduct their Conflations very differently : So 1 in Wealth ; as if a Client mould undertake to comfort « Crajfus : In Wifdom ; as when Seneca comforts Polyhus ' and his Mother : As to Age, there needs no Examples.

' A Superior may interpofe his Authority, and may « even chide : A wife Man may even difpute ; Sentences « will become him. An Inferior is to mew Refpeft and Af- ' fection, and own he had this from fome wife or learned ' Perfon : An Equal to appeal to their common Friendfliip.'

CONSOLE, in Architecture, or Joinery, a Part or Mem- ber projecting in manner of a Bracket, or Shoulder-piece ; ferving to fupport a Corniche, Buft, Vafe, Beam, little Vault, £5c. See Projecture.

Thefe are alfo, upon occafion, call'd Mutnles, Modillions, Sit. according to their form. See Mutule, Be.

Some of them are flriatcd, or fluted ; others in form of Cartouches ; others have Drops, in the manner of Triglyphs.

Vitruvius calls ail thofe of Gates Prothyrides ; alTbyra, Gate. See Prothyrides.

Thofe made of the End of a Plank of Wood, cut trian- gular- wife, are called Ancones. See Anco.

Conflles are frequently ufed as Keys of Arches, projecting out, to fupport a Vafe, or other Ornament. See Key.

The Word is deriv'd from the French Cmfolider, to re- unite, join, l£c. agreeable to the Office of this Member.

CONSOLIDATION, in Law, the combining and uni- ting two Benefices into one. See Benefice.

The Term is borrow'd from the Civil Law ; where it pro- perly fignifics- an Union of the Poffefiion Occupation or Profit, with the Property.

Thus, if a Man have by Legacy afum-fruSum fundi, and aftetwards buy the Propcrry, or Fee-fimple of the Heir ; this is called a Confolidation.

Consolidation, in Medicine, the Action of uniting ftrongly the Fractures of broken Bones, or the Lips of a Wound, by means of confolidating Remedies, as they are call'd ; which cleanfing with a moderate heat and force, taking Corruption out of the Wounds, and preferving the Temperature of the Parts, caufe the Nourifliment to be fitly applied to the Part affected. See Wound, and Fracture.

CONSONANCE, in Mufick, is ordinarily ufed in the fame Senfe with Concord, viz. for the Union or Agreement of two Sounds produced at the fame time, the one Grave, the other Acute ; which mingling in the Air, in a certain Proportion, occafion an Accord agreeable to the Ear. See Concord.

Dr. Holder, on this Principle, defines Confonancy, ' A Paf- ' fage of fevcral tunable Sounds thro' the Medium, frequent-

< by the well-proportion'd commenfurate Vibrations of the
 * ly' mixing and uniting in their undulated Motions caufed

i fwee't, and pleafant ro the Ear ; as, on the contrary, 3)if-
 * fonorous Bodies, and confequenrly arriving fmooth, and

■ fonancv he maintains to arile from difproportionate Mo-

■ tions of Sounds, not mixing, but jarring and claflling as

Which Notion of a Confonance, exactly quadrates with
 * they paCs, and arriving in the Ear grating and offenfive.'

that we have already laid down for a Concord. Accordingly, moft Authors confound the two together : Tho fome of the more Accurate diitinguifli 'em ; making Confonance to be

what the Word implies, a mere founding of two or Notes together, or in the fame time.; in contradiflinaicii

r,ion

after the °<es, th U j

the Motion of thofe Sounds in SucceJJion, or one other. See Succession.

In effect, the two Notions coincide ; for two Ki, v , play'd in confonance, conftitute a Concord ; And twoVo that pleafe the Ear in Confonance, will likewife pleafe - '^ ! Succeffion. ln

Notes in Confonance conftitute Harmony, as Notes in s ceflion Melody. See Harmony, and Melouy ; f ee JJp" Tune.

In the populat Senfe, Confonances are either SimHe Compound, &c. The moft perfect Confonance is tinifon' rho many, both among the Antients and Moderns, difcard ' from the Number of Confonances ; as conceiving Confonant. an agreeable Mixture of different Sounds, grave and acute ! not a Repetition of the fame Sound. See Unison. J

The fecond Confonance is the Octave; then the Fifth, t n. Fourth, the Thirds, and the Sixths : The reit are Multiple, or Repetitions of thefe. See Octave, f$c.

Consonance, in Grammar, is undcritood of like Caden. ccs, or Clofes of Words, Periods, &c.

Confonances are ordinarily Faults in Difcourfe, efpecially j n Englifb Prcfe : rho the Latins make a Figure of 'em, which they call IpaivjiKnrrw. Too great a Confonance in th e Rhymes has always an ill effect.

CONSONANT, a Letter which produces no Sound alone or withour fome other Letter either Vowel or Confonsm. join'd along with it. See Letter.

And hence the Name Con-fonant, q. d. qute fonam cm alia.

A Confonant, confidering it philofophically, is nothing elf e but the Modification of a Sound, produe'd by means of the Organs of the Voice, not a Production of a Sound it fcif : Thus, v.g. the Sounds fignify'd by the Characters a, e, i o, u, &c. are differently modify 'd when we fay c.b, than when we fy ac or ca y ad or da ; and thofe Modifications are call'd Conf nams.

The Letters of rhe Alphaber are divided into Vowels and Confonants. See Vowel.

Confonants, again, are divided into Jingle, as bhrnq,Sx. and double, as x in axillary, &c. correfponding to the £ of the Greeks.

Again, they are divided into liquid, aslrmn; ani mtitc, as b,d, and rhe reft, which make no Sound at all without a Vowel. See Liquid, Mute, £>£•

But the moft natural Divifion of Confonants is that of the Hebrew Grammarians; who have been imitated therein by the Grammarians of the other Orienral Languages : Thefe divide the Confonants into five ClafTes, with regard to the five principal Organs of the Voice ; which all contribute, 'tis true, but one more notably than the reft, to certain Mo- difications, which make five general Kinds of Confonants. Each Kind, or Clafs, comprehends feveral Confonants, which refult from the different Degrees of the fame Modification, or from the different Motions of the fame Organs.

Thefe Organs are the 'throat, Palate, Tongue, Teitb, and Zips ; whence the five Gaffes of Confonants are deno- minated Guttural, Talatal, Lingual, 2)ental, and Labitsl See Guttural, Palatal, i£c.

We account feventeen Confonants in rhe Englifb Alphabet, viz. b, c, d,f, g, k, I, m, n, p, q, r,f,t,x,z; to which there are three others to be added, viz. the h, the j Confonant, and v Confonant, whkh makes the whole Number of Cm- fonants twenty : one whereof is Guttural, viz. the Afpirate h ■ five 'Palatal, viz. c, as when pronounced before a, o, and u,\s in Cavern, Com, Curiofity ; g, as in Geneva ; j Confi- nant, in Julep ; k in kernel, and q in query.

The four Lingual Confonants are d, I, n, t ; rhe four Dental, are r, s, x, z, the three lad whereof are Hiffcri ; and five Labial, b, f, m, p, and v Confonant.

Wirh regard to which Divifion, it may be obferv'd, that tho the g be modif)'d in three different manners, as it comes before an a, an o, otaa; yet is it Hill a Confonant of the fo- late ; that the j Confonant differs in nothing but its Figure from the g before sort; that k has the fame Pronunciation with the c ; that x comprehends the Sound of two L etters in its Sound, via. c or k, and /or another c, as in M; xander, and Jilexis, which we pronounce as it wrote Alec- fander, and Jleccis, or Alecfis ; and that the c before an « or i, is no Confonant of the Palate, becaufe in that Lale it lofes its proper Sound, and affumes rhe hifTmg Sound ot

The Abbot de Dangeau thinks the Nature of the Divi- fion of the Hebrew Grammarians very reafonable ; but docs not acquicfee in the Diftribution they have made of em : To find a natural and juft Divifion of rhe Confonants, &" obferves, no regard mufl be had ro rhe Character that repre- fents 'em ; nor an;, thing be confider'd but their Sound, or the Modification they give the Sound.

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