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 CON ( 297 )

of the Seventy and the Vulgate, when different from his. The Work is in four Volumes folio, printed at Rome in

CONCORDANT Verfis, fuch as have feveral Words in common; but which, by the addition of other Words, con- vey an oppofite, at leaft, a different Meaning. Such are thofe,

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CONCORDAT, in the Canon Law, a Covenant, or Agreement in fomc beneficiary Matter j as, relating to a Re- signation, Permutation, or other Ecclefiaflical Caufe.

The Council of Trent, Seff. VI. de Reform. Cap. 4. fpeak- ing of Concordats made without the Authority and Appro- bation of the Pope, calls 'em Concordias qu<s tan turn fuos obligant Atlthwes, non Succejfores. And the Congregation of Cardinals, who have explained this Decree, declares, that a Concordat cannot be real, or defcend to the SuccefTors, unlefs confirmed by the Pope.

Concordat is ufed, absolutely, among the "French, for an Agreement concluded at Sonlogn in 1516", between Pope Leo I. and Fraiicis I. of France, for regulating the manner of nominating to Benefices.

The Concordat ferves in lieu of the Pragmatic Sanction, which had been abrogated $ or, rather, it is the Pragmatic Sanction foften'd and reform'd.

There is alfo a German Concordat, made between Pope Nicholas V. and the Emperor Frederick III. and the Princes of Germany, in 1448, relating to Beneficiary Matters. CONCORDIA Vafa. See Vessels of Concord. CONCOURSE, or CONCURRENCE, the reciprocal Action of divers Perfons or Things, co-operating toward the fame Effect or End.

Divines generally hold, that the Actions and Operations of all Creatures are continually dependent on the immediate Concurrence of the divine Mind : For fecond Caufes to aft, or produce Effects, God himfelf mult concur, and by his Influence give 'em the Efficacy they themfelves are deftitute of: If they did not need the immediate Concurrence of God to make 'em aft, they would have a fort of Indepen- dency, which muft be injurious to the immediate Creator to fuppofe. See Cause.

The Schoolmen diftingui/h two Kinds of Concurrence, viz. mediate, which confitts in the giving a Power or Faculty to aft -j and immediate, which is a cotemporary Influence of one Caufe along with another, to produce an Elfeft : Thus, the Grandfather concurs mediately to the Produc- tion of a Grandfon, as he gives the Power of generating to the Father : but the Father concurs immediately with the Mother to the Production of the fame Child. Now 'tis al- low'd that God concurs mediately with all his Creatures, to enable them to aft : but whether this be fufficient; or whe- ther it be farther rcquir'd that he concur with 'em imme- diately by a new Influence, for the Production of every act, in the fame manner as the Father concurs with the Mother toward producing the young, is controverted : The genera- lity of Scholaftic Writers are for the Affirmative ; Z)urandus and his Followers maintain the Negative. 'Point of Concourse. See Focus.

CONCRETE, in the School Philofophy, an Affemblage, or Compound. Sec Compound.

A Pbyfical Concrete, or concrete "Body, may denote any mix A Body, or Body compos'd of different Principles ; and confequently, all fenfible Bodies whatever, as all Bodies arife from a Coalition of divers Elements, or at leaft of divers Principles, Matter and Form. See Body, Element, and Principle,

But, in Ariftnefs, Concrete is only ufed for thofe Compounds wherein the Ingredients flill retain their diilinct Natures, nor are wholly converted into any new common Nature. See Mixt. Authors diftinguim. Natural Concretes and Artificial ones : Thus Antimony is a natural Concrete, and Soap a factitious Concrete.

A Logical Concrete, or concrete Word, called alfo Paro- nyraits, is that which has a compound kind of Signification; as fignifying both the Subject, and fome Quantity or Acci- dent of the Subject, which gives it its Denomination : As Man, learned, white : for Man fignifies as much as having human Nature 5 learned, as much as having learning, &c. Hence, the Word Concrete is chiefly ufed to exprefs the Union of Qualities or Quantities with the Bodies or Sub- jects, without feparating them in Idea. The oppofite Term, whereby the Things are feparated in Thought, is AhflraB. Concrete properly fignifies a Subject with its Form or its Quality ; as a pious Man, hard, white : Abjlratl, on the contrary, expreffes the Form and Quality without the Sub- ject, as, Piety, Hardncfs, Whitenefs. See Abstraction.

CON

Concrete Numbers, are thofe which arc applied to ex- prefs or denote any particular Subject 3 as, two Men, three Pounds, two thirds of a Shilling, (gc.

Whereas, if nothing be connected with a Number, it is taken abltradly or univerfally : Thus, three fignifies only

an aggregate of three Unites ; let thofe Unites be Men, 1 ounds, or what you pleafe.

CONCRETION, the Act whereby foft Bodies are ren- der'd hard : Or, it is an infenfible Motion of the Particles of a Fluid or foft Body, whereby they come to a Confluence.

The Word is ufed indifferently for Induration, Condenfa- tion, Congelation, and Coagulation. See Induration, Con- densation, Coagulation, gsfc.

Concretion is alfo ufed for the Coalition of feveral little Particles into a fenfible Mafs, called a Concrete ; by virtue ot which Union, the Body acquires this or that Figure, and thefe or them Properties. See Concrete.

CONCUBINAGE, fometimes ex-preffes a criminal or prohibited Commerce between the two Sexes ; in which Senfe it comprehends Adultery, Incefi, and fimplc Fornica- tion. See Adultery, Incest, and Fornication.

In its more reftrain'd Senfe, Concubinage is ufed for a Man and a Maid's cohabiting together in the way of Marriage ; without having pafs'd the Ceremony thereof. See Concu- bine.

Concubinage was antiently tolerated : The Roman Law calls it an allowed Cuflom, licita COnfuetudo. When this Expreffion occurs in the Conftitutions of the Chriiiian Em- perors, it fignifies what we now call a Marriage in Cou- fcience.

The Concubinage tolerated among the Romans in the Time of the Republick, and of the Heathen Emperors, was that between Perfons not capable of contracting Marriage together .- Nor did they even refufe to let Inheritances de- fcend to Children fprung from fuch a tolerated Cohabitance.

Concubinage between fuch Perfons they look'd on as a kind of Marriage, and even allow'd it feveral Privileges : but then this Concubinage was confin'd to a fingle Perfon, and was of perpetual Obligation, as Marriage it felf.

Hottoman obfetves, that the Roman Laws had allow'd of Concubinage long before Julius Cffe.r made that Law where- by every one was allow'd to marry as many Wives as he pleas d. The Emperor Valentinian, Socrates tells us, al- low'd every Man two. See Marriage.

Concubinage is alfo ufed for a Marriage perform'd with lefs Solemnity than the formal Marriage ; or a Marriage with a Woman of inferior Condition, and to whom the Husband does not convey his Rank or Quality.

Cujas obferves, that the ancient Laws allow'd a Man to efpoufc, under the Title of Concubines, certain Perfons, fuch as wereefleem'd unequal to 'em, on account of the want of fome Qualities requifite to fuflain the full Honour of Marriage. He adds, that tho Concubinage was beneath Marriage, both as to Dignity and to Civil Effects ; yet was Concubine a reputable Title, very different from that of Miftrefs among us.

The Commerce was efkem'd fo [awful, that the Concu- bine might be accufed of Adultery in the fame manner as a Wife. See Concubine.

This kind of Concubinage is ftill in ufe in fome Countries, particularly Germany, under the Title of a Hall-Marriage, or Marriage with the left Hand ; alluding to the manner of its being contracted, viz-, the Man's giving the Woman his left Hand inttead of the right. See Marriage.

This is a real Marriage, tho without Solemnity : the Par- ties are both bound for ever ; tho the Woman be thus ex- cluded from the common rights of a Wife, for want of Qua- lity or Fortune.

CONCUBINE, a Woman whom a Perfon takes to coha- bit with him, in the manner, and under the Character of a Wife,^ without being authoriz'd thereto by a legal Marriage. See Concubinage.

Concubine is alfo ufed for a real, legirimare, and only Wife, diftinguim'd by no other Circumilance, but a Difpa- rity of Birth or Condition, between her and the Husband.

Du Cauge obferves, that one may gather from feveral Paf- fages in rhe Epiftles of the Popes, that they antiently al- low'd of fuch Concubines. The XVIIth Canon of the firft Council of Toledo, declares, that he who with a faithful Wife, keeps a Concubine, is excommunicated ; but that if the Concubine ferv'd him as Wife, fo that he had only one Woman, under the Title of Concubine, he ftiould not bo rejected from Communion : Which /hews that there were legitimate Wives under the Title of Concubines.

In effect, the Roman Laws did not allow a Man to efpoufe whom he pleas'd ; there was requir'd a kind of parity, or proportion between their Conditions : but a Woman of in- ferior Condition, who could not be efpoufed as a Wife, might be kept as a Concubine ; and the Laws allow'd of it, provided he had no other Wife.

The Children of Concubines were not reputed cither Le- gitimate or Baftards, but Natural Children, and were capa- ble only of Donations.

They were deem'd to retain the low Rank of the Mother; and were on this ground unqualify 'd for inheriting the Effects of the Father.

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