Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/433

 COM ( 279 )

Communion under both Kinds ; in the Xlth Century, the Communion was ftill receiv'd by the Laity in both Kinds 3 or, rather, the Species of Bread was dipp'd in the Wine, as is own'd by the Romanifts themfelves, Atla SS. Bene- dict. Sec. III.

M. de Marcit obfetves, that they receiv'd it at fitftin their Hands ; Sift, de Scam, and believes the Communion under one Kind alone, to have had its Rife in the Weft under Pope Urban II. in 109S, at the Conqueft of the Holy Land.

The XXVIIIth Canon of the Council of Clermont, en- joins the Communion to be receiv'd under both Kinds, dif- rinftly : adding, however, two Exceptions ; the one of Ne- ctflity, the other of Caution, niji per ncccjjitatem, 1$ cau- tclam 5 the firft in favour of the Sick, the lecond of the Ab- llcmious, or thole who had an Averfion for Wine.

It formerly was a kind of Canonical Punifhment, for

COM

Commutation, in Aftronomy. The Angle of Commnta-

>, is the Diftance between the Sun's true Place feen from

Planet redue'd to the Eclyp-

the Earth, and the Place of i See Place.

Thus is the Angle E S R, (Tab. Aftronomy. Fie. 14.) iubtended between the Sun's true Place E, view'd from the Earth ; and that of a Planet redue'd to the Eclyptic, R is the Angle of the Commutation.

The Angle of Commutation, therefore, is found by fub- traSing the Sun's true Place E, from the heliocentrical Place ot the Planet R ; or contrarily.

COMPACT, in Phyficks, denotes a Body to be clofe, denfe, and heavy 3 having few Pores, and thofe fmall ones. See Body, Pore, (gc.

The heavieft Metals, as Gold and Silver, are the mod compaS. See Weight.

« formerly was a Kind ot Canonical Punifhment, for Com, act, in a Legal Senfe, fignifies an Agreement, of Clerks guilty of any Crime, to be redue'd 1 to Lay-Commu- Contr a a Ilipulated between feveral Parties. & See Pact moil, i. e. only to receive it as the Laity did, viz. under one Contract,^.

Kind.

They had_ another Puni/hment of the fame Nature, tho under a different Name, called Foreign Communion 5 to which the Canons frequently condemn'd rheir Bifhops and other Clerks. This Funilhment was not any Excommuni- cation, or Dcpofition ; but a kind of Sulpcnfion of the Func- tion of the Order, and a Degradation from the Rank they held in the Church.

It had its Name, becaufe the Communion was only grant- ed to the Criminal on the Foot of a Foreign Clerk, i. e. be- ing redue'd to the loweft of his Order, he took place after all thofe of his Rank, as all Clerks, &c. did in the Chut- ches to which they did not belong. The fecond Council of Agda, orders every Clerk that abfents himfelf from tho Church, to he redue'd to foreign Communion.

COMMUNITY, a Society, or Body of Men united to- gether under certain common Laws, agreed on among them- felves, or linpos'd by a Superior. See Society, and Cor- poration.

The Romans, who feem to have given the firft hint of Communities to the feveral Nations into which their Empire

Compact is alfo the Name of a celebrated Bull, con- firm'd by Pope Paul IV. relating to the Cardinals.

In virrue of the Bill of CompaB, Cardinals can only con- fer Benefices in their natural State ; i. e. Regular Benefices on Regulars. See Benefice, Cardinal, Regular, ifc.

COMPANY, a collective Term, underflood of feveral Perfons affembled together in the fame Place, or with the fame Defign. See Society.

Tne Word is form'd of the French Compagnie, and that of Compamo; and Companies, which, Cbifflct obferves, are found in the Salic Law, Tit. 66. and are properly Military Words, underflood of Soldiers who, according to the modern Phrafe, are Comrades, or Mefs-mares, i. e. lodge together, eat together, i$c. of the Latin cum, with, utiipanis, Bread.

It may be added, that in fome Greek Authors under the Weftern Empire, rhe Word nx^irtuiici occurs in the Senfe of Society : but 'tis more probable, that the Greeks borrow'd it from the French or Italians.

Company, in Commerce, is an Affociation of feveral Mer- chants, or others, who unite in one common Intereft, and contribute by their Stock, their Counfel, and their Cares, to

ons 1

was divided, doubtlefs borrow'd it from fome Rules of their Se feting" on" fco^'or ippTrriniTof' fcmr^ofitable Efta-

Neighbours: 1 hey call d em Colleges; which Term, among blimment. See Commerce.

them, had nearly the fame Signification with Community Tho Company and Society be, in effeft, the fame thing,

among us. See College. yet Cuftom has made a difference between 'em : Society bl-

Commuuities are of two Kinds : Ecclefiaftick and Laick : ing underflood of two, or three Dealers, or not many more 3

The firft are either Secular as Chapters of Cathedral and (fee Society :) and Company of a greater Number.

Collegiate Churches ^or Regular, as Convents, Monafte- A fecond difference between Companies and Societies, is,

that the firft, efpecially when they have exclufive Privileges,

cannot be eftablifh'd without the Conceffion of the Prince 5 and need Letters Patent, Charters, l$c. See Charter, Corporation, Privilege, &c.

Whereas, for the latter, 'tis fuificient to have the Con- fent of the Members, fix'd, and certify'd by Afls and Con- tracts, and authoriz'd by By-Laws.

Laftly, the Word Company feems more peculiarly appro' priated to thofe grand Affociations, fet on foot for rhe Com- merce of the remote Parts of the World 3 as the Englijb and Hutch Eaft-India Company, South-Sea Company, Mif-

ries, i$c. See Chapter, Convent, l$c.

Lay Communities are of various Kinds; fome contracted by a fix'd Abode of a Year and a Day in the fame Place 5 others form'd by the Difcharge of the fame OiEce, the Pro- feffion of the fame Art, or attending the fame Place of Wor- ftiipj as ihofe of Parijbes, Fraternities, &c. See Fra- ternity, Parish, &c.

Accordingly, the Word is commonly underflood of pious Foundations for the Support of feveral Perfons, either in a Secular or Regular Life ; as Colleges, Abbies, Convents, 'Pri- ories, Conventual Seminaries, Hofpitals, Inns, &c.

■ ^a"u' TY ' a "S "^"^'"lyufedforthe join'tProperty fifippi Company, &c. The' Rife and Eftablifliment^whe're-

in Effefls between Husband and Wife : TheRelult of which of, we Khali here fet before the Reader.

Community is, that during Marriage they are equally imitled Englijh Companies.

to all Lffecfs, and liable to all Debts, contracted either before Eaft-India Company, was form'd towards the latter end

or under Marriage of rhe Reign of Queen Elizabeth 5 their Charter being da-

Commumty is a Species of Succeffion, and the Acceptation ted in 1 559.

of Community referable* an hereditary Addition. Their firft Fleet, fent out in iSco, brought back fo rich

Community was fet on foot in favour of the Wives, to en- a Cargo, that in a few Years they number'd io Ships K

ter 'em in as Sharers in rhe Husband's Eft'efls. James I. to fhew how much he had its Intereft at heart'

In Countries where the Civil Law obtains, this Commit- fent feveral Embaffics to the Great Mo<rul, Kings ofPerlia'

airy has no place ; nor even in feveral Cufiomary Countries ; Japan, and other Princes, to make Treaties of Commerce

as being reputed a Burden on the Man. in his Name, and that of the Company ; fome of which fub-

Antiently, the Woman s Share in the Community was on- fift ftill : The King of Perfia, in particular, granted the

ly one third : and this appears ftill the Senfe of the Law Company feveral extraordinary Favours, in recompence for

among us ; the Widow, at the Deceafe of her Husband, be- that Service the Englijl, had done him, in affifting him to

ing ; only intitled to one third Part of the Moveables. expel the Portugueze from OrMi ; who by means of their

Community continu d, is that which fubfifts between the Lodgment there, ufurp'd the whole Commerce of the Per-

Survivor of two Perfons jom'd in Marriage, and the minor fian Gulf.

Children of rhat Marriage : when the Survivor has not But its chief Favours the Company receiv'd at the hands

made any Inventory of the Effect in Poffeffion during'Mar- of King Charles II. who, by a Charter in uSifo, granted 'em

riagc the Widow may either renounce Community with her the Port and Ifland of Bombay, with all the Rights thereof,

Children, or continue it. as furrender'd to him by the Portuguese : only referving to

Community tacit, is a Community contracted between a himfelf the Sovereignty and Homage thereof, with a yearly

Man and Woman, by the mere mingling of their Effefls 5 Acknowledgment of 10 £ per Annum in Gold.— By another

provided they have hv'd together the Space of a Year and Charter in KJ74, he granted 'em, in like manner, the Ifland

a rXLl,r^Z mWm ' 3 be,n 8 odlous ' is now abolilh'd. of St. Helena, belonging to him by Right of Conqueft, from

COMMUTATION, in Law, a Change of Penalty, or the Dutch, who had before taken it from the Englijb.— By

runilhment, viz. of a greater for a lefs, (fc. as when Death a third Charter, he granted them a Power ro erea a Court

is commuted for, by perpetual Imprifonment, fjc. See Pu- of Judicature, compos'd of a Legift, and two Merchants, in

NisHMKNT. aii t heir Places, Settlements, Faftories, &c. to judge of Sei-

aome doubt whether the Word be properly applied to any zures, and all marine Difputes ; as alfo about Bargains, Ex-

unange but that of Punifhment : others will have it indiffe- change, igc. and even of all Crimes commirted on the high

rently krve for the exchanging, or trucking of any thing. Seas, or in the Countries and Territories of the Company,

aee 1 ermutation. •„