Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/419

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lutnn has 198 Steps, jjpith 56 Windows ; each of thefe is cut in Tambours of white Marble. The Monument, or Fire- Column at London, has alfo a Stair-cafe j but it does not reach to the top. * -

Thefe kind of Columns are called alfo Columns Cochlides, or Cochltdea, q.d. a Stair-cafe in form of a Snail.

Funeral Column, that which bears an Urn, wherein are fuppofed to be inclos'd the A/hes of fome deceas'd Hero 5 and whofe Shaft is fometimes overfpread with Tears, or Flames ; which are Symbols of Sorrow, and of Immortality.

Qnomonic Column, a Cylinder, whereon the Hour of the Day is reprcfented by the Shadow of a Style.

Of thefe there are two Kinds : in the one, the Style is f] x 'd, and the Hour-Lines are no more than the Projection of a vertical Dial, on a cylindrical Surface.

hi the other, the Style is movable ; and the Hour-Lines are drawn to the different Heights of the Sun, in the diffe- rent Seafons of the Year.

Hijhorical Column, is that whofe Shaft is adorn'd with a Baffo-Relievo, running in a fpiral Line its whole length ; a nd containing the Hillory of fome great Perfonage. Such are the T'rajan and Antonine Columns, at Rome. Hiflorical Columns may likewife be divided by Bands, or Tambours, into feparate Baffo-Relievos, containing diftinct Subjects j by which means, the fame Columns may likewife be made to anfwer the End of Chronological ones.

This Manner Vignola prefers to the former; which, he thinks, appears too much confufed.

Indicative Column, that which ferves to /hew the Tides, tfc. along the Sea-Coafts. Of this kind, there is one at Grand Cairo, of Marble, whereon the Overflowings of the Nile are exprelVd : By this they form a Judgment of the fucceeding Seafon : when the Water, for inliance, afcends to 13 Foot, 'tis a Sign of great Fertility in Egypt. See Nilo-

METER.

Inflrutfhe Column, that rais'd, according to Jofephus, Lib. I- cap. 3. by the Sons of Adam, whereon were en- graven the Principles of Arts and Sciences.

Saudelot tells us, that the Son of Pi/ljlratus rais'd ano- ther of this kind, of Stone 5 containing the Rules and Pre- cepts of Agriculture.

Itinerary Column, a Column with feveral Faces, placed in the Crofs-ways in large Roads ; ferving to fliew the dif- ferent Routs, by the Infcriptions thereupon.

Latlary Column, at Rome, according to Fejlus, was a Column erected in the Herb-Market, now the Platea Monta- nara 5 which had a Cavity in its Pedettal, wherein young Children, abandon'd by their Parents, out of Poverty or In- humanity, were expofed, to be brought up at the publick Ex pence.

Legal Column. Among the Lacedemonians, there were Columns rais'd in publick Places, whereon were engraven the fundamental Laws of the State.

Limitrophous, or 'Boundary Column, that which fhews the Limits of a Kingdom, or Country conquer'd. Such was that, which, 'Pliny fays, Alexander the Great erected at the Extremities of the Indies.

As to thole of Hercules, ordinarily call'd his Columns, or Millars ; they are only two very itecp Mountains in the Straights of Gades, now Gibraltar.

Luminous Column, a fort of Column form'd on a cylin- drical Frame, mounted and cover'd over wirh oil'd Paper, or Gawze ; \'o that Lights being difpos'd in ranks over each other, the whole appears as on fire.

This fort of 'Column is likewife made with rows of Lamps, or Torches, running round its Shaft 5 either in horizontal Belts, or Bands j or in a fpiral Line, continued over a Fef- toon of Flowers.

Manubiary Column, from the Latin Manubia, Spoils of the Enemy ; a Column adorn'd with Trophies, built in imi- tation of Trees, whereon the Spoils of Enemies were anti- ently hung. See Trophy". %

Memorial Column, that rais'd on becafion of any re- markable Event ; as the Monument in London, built to per- petuate the Memory of the Burning of that City, in 1666.

It is of the 7)oric Order, fluted, hollow, with a winding Stair-cafe ; and terminated a-top with waving Flames.

There is, alfo, another of the like Kind, in form of an Obeliflt, on the Banks of the Rhine in the Palatinate, in memory of the famous Paffage of that River, by the great Giijlavus Adolphus and his Army.

Menian Column, any Column which fupports a Balcony, or Meniane. See Meniane.

The Origin of this kind of Column, Suetonius and Afca- nius refer to one Menias 5 who having fold his Houfe to Cato and Flaccus, Confuls, to be converted into a publick Edifice ; referv'd to himfelf the Right of rafing a Column without fide, to bear a Balcony 5 whence he might fee the Shews.

Military Column, among the Romans, a Column where- on was engraven a Lilt of the Forces in the Roman Army, ranged by Legions, in their proper order ; with defign to preferve the Memory of the Number of Soldiers, and of the Order obferv'd in any Military Expedition.

The Romans had another kind of Military Column^ which they called Columnar ellica, (landing before theTem-, pie of Janus; at the Foot whereof the Conful declar'd War, by throwing a Javelin towards the Enemies Countries.

Miliary Column, was a Column of Marble, rais'd by or- der of Augttjius, in the middle of the Roman Forum 5 from whence, as a Centre, the Diftances of the feveral Cities, &c» of the Empire were reckon'd, by other Miliary Columns 5 difpos'd at equal diltances, on all the grand Roads. See Mi- liary.

This Column was of white Marble ; the fame with that which is now fecn on the Baluftrade of the Perron of the Capital at Rome.

Its proportion is maffive 5 being a ihort Cylinder, with a Ti/fcan Bafe and Capital, and a Brafs Ball for a Crowning, the Symbol of the Globe of the Earth.

It was called Miliarium Aureum 5 as having been gilt, at leaft the Ball,by order of Augustus. It was reftot'd by the Em- perors Vefpafian and Adrian; as appears by the Infcriptions. Pbofphorical Column, a Lighthouse 5 or a hollow Column, built on a Rock, or the Tip of a Mole, or other Eminence, to fcrve as a Lanthorn to a Port.

Rojlral Column, that adorn'd with the Beaks, or Prows of Ships and Galleys, with Anchors and Grapplers ; erec- ted, either in memory of a Naval Victory; as the Tufcatt Column, in the Capitol : or, in honour of fome Admiral ; as the Doric ones, at the Entrance of the Caftle de Ricblieu. Sepulchral Column, anticntly, was a Column erected on a Tomb or Sepulchre 5 with an Infcription on its Bafe. See Tomb, tf& r

Thofe over the Tombs of Perfons of Diftinction were very large 5 thofe for the common People fmall : thefe laft are called Stela and Cippi. See Cippus, gjfo

Statuary Column, that which fupports a Statue. Such was that erected by Pope Paul V. on a Pedeftal before the Church of St. Maria major at Rome ; to fupport a Statue of the Virgin, which is of gilt Brafs. Sec Statue.

This Column was dug up in the Temple di Peace; its Shaft is a fingle Block of white Marble 49 Foot and an half high, and 5 Foot 8 Inches Diameter 5 of the Corinthi- an Order, fluted.

The Term Statuary Column, may likewife be apply'd to Caryatides, Perfians, Termini, and other human Figures, which do the Office of Columns ; and which Vitruvius calls T'elamones, and Atlantcs. See Caryatides, &c.

Symbolical Column, is a Column reprefenting fome parti- cular Country, by the Attributes proper thereto : As that of the French Order, fet with Flower deLis's, in the Fron- tifpiece of the Jefuits Church at Rouen : or fome memo- rable Action ; as the Corvinian Column, on which was a Crow ; erected to Valerius Maximus, Sirnam'd Corv'inus, in memory of his Defeat of a Giant in the Army of the Gauls, by the Afliftance of a Crow.

Under the Title of Symbolic Columns, may alfo be com- prehended thofe which ferve for Symbols. Such is that in a Medal of Nero, which cxpreffes the Stability of the Roman Empire. See Symbol.

Triumphal Column, a Column erected among the An- tients in honour of an Hero 5 the Joints of the Stones, or Courfes whereof, werecover'd with as many Crowns, as he had made different Military Expeditions. See Triumph.

Erch Crown had its particular Name ; as Palijfaris, which was fet with Spikes, in memory of having forced a Palifade. Muralis, adorned with little Turrets, or Battlements ; for having mounted to an Aflault. Navalis, of Prows and Beaks of Veffels ; for having overcome at Sea. Objidiona- lis, or Graminalis, of Grafs ; for having rais'd a Siege. Ovaus, of Myrtle ; which exprefs'd an Ovation, or little Triumph : And T'riumphalis, of Laurel ; for a grand Tri- umph. See Crown.

Procopius tells us of a Column of this Kind, erected in the place called Augujlcum, before the Imperial Palace of Con- stantinople, fupporting an Equejirian Statue of the Empe- ror jfujlinian.

Zophoric Column, a kind of Statuary Column, whereon is placed a Figure of fome Animal. Such is one of the two Columns of the Gate of Venice ; whereon is the Lion of St, Mark, and the Arms of the RepubUck : or that at Sie?ma } which bears the Wolf that fuckled Romulus and Rc?nus.

Column, in War, a deep File, or Row of Troops ; or a Divifion of an Army, which marches ar the fame Time, and towards the fame Place, at Intervals large enough to avoid Confufion.

An Army marches in one, two, three, or more Columns 5 according as the Ground will allow, and the General fees ex- pedient.

The Word is alfo ufed in fpeaking of Veffels at Sea, fol- lowing each other in the fame Line.

'Tis difficult to form Columns at Sea, unlcfs the Wind be in Stern.

Column, among Printers, is half a Page, when the Page is divided into two Parts, from top to bottom See Page. Z z z COLUM-