Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/418

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Gemmated. Column, that whofe Shaft is form'd of three fimilar and equal Sides, or Ribs of Stone, fitted within one another ; and faften'd at bottom with Iron Pins, and atop with Cramp-irons. This is to be fluted, that the Joints may be the lefs difcernible.

Column of Mafonry, is made of rough Stone, well laid and cover'd with Plaifter ; or of Bricks molded triangular wife, and cover'd with Stuc.

Column with Sands, or Tambours; that whole Shaft is form'd of feveral Courfes of Stone, or Blocks of Marble ; lefs high than the Diameter of the Column .-This is what Ulpiar. Tmeans by Columna ftruSilis, or adpaCla; which is oppofite to the Column* foUda, or Integra, i.e. of one piece.

Column in 'truncheons, or Pieces confifts of three, tour, or five pieces of Stone, or Metal ; differing from the Tam- bours, as being higher than the Diameter of the Column. Columns, with regard to their Form.

Timed Column, called alfo channeled, zn&ftriated Column ; that whofe Shaft is adorn'd with Flutes, or Channeling! ; either from top to bottom, or only two thitds of its height. See Fluting. ..

Called, or Rudented Column, is a Column having Projec- tures in form of Cables, or Canes, in the Naked of the Shaft ; each Cable having an ESeft oppofite to that of a Fluting ; and accompany 'd with a little Lift on each fide. See Ca-

Fluted and Cabled Column, is that whofe Flutes are fill'd up with Cables, Reeds, or Staves ; beginning from the bot- tom of the Shaft, and reaching one third of its height.

Fluted Column enrich'd, is that whofe Flutings are fill d up with Ornaments of Foliages, Rinds, Ribbons, (go. ln- ftead of Cables..

Twifted Column, is that whofe Shaft is twifted round, in manner of a Screw, with fix Circumvolutions ; being, ordi- narily of the Corinthian Order : Vignola firft found a Me- thod of drawing it by Rule.

A twifted fluted Column, is that whofe Flutes follow the Contour of the Shaft, in a fpiral Line throughout the whole length ; whereof there are fome antique ones of Por- phyry, and hard Marble. _

Column twifted and enrich'd, is that, one third of whole Shaft is fluted, and the reft adorn'd with Branches and other Enrichments : and which being all of Marble, is en- rich'd with Sculpture from bottom to top.

Sometimes, again, the twifted Column is form'd of two or three (lender Shafts, twifted round, fo as to leave a Cavity in the middle. Sometimes the Flutings are Spiral, yet the Shaft ftrait ; which fucceeds very well in the more delicate Orders.

ColoJJal Column, a Column of enormous fize, too large to enter any Ordonnance of Architecture ; to be placed foli- tary, in the middle of a Square, i$c. See Colossus.

Such is the Trajan Column, whofe Proportions are Doric, and its Profile Tnfcan ; 12 Feet and S in Diameter, and 100 in Height, including the Bafe and the Capital : The Pe- deftal has 18 Feet, and the Crowning 16" and an half. It fupports a brazen Statue of St. 'Peter, 13 Foot high : The whole making 147 antient Roman Feet.

It was built by Apollodorus ; and confifts of 54 Tambours, or Blocks, or Pieces of white Marble, taking in the Crowning.

The Antonine Column, which is alfo of white Marble, is inferior to the Trajan in beauty of Sculpture, but exceeds it in height ; being 1 ff8 Feet to the Capital, befides the Feet of the'Pedeftal under ground.

Laftly, the London Column, or Monument, is of Stone, 1 5 Foot in Diameter, and 202 high ; taking in the Pedeftal and Crowning. See Monument.

Carolitic Column, that adorn'd with Foliages, or Leaves and Branches turn'd fpirally around the Shaft ; or in Crowns and Feftoons.

Thefe were ufed by the Antients for railing Statues on ; which hence took the Denomination of Carolitic.

They are very fuitable in triumphal Arches, and Decora- tions of Theaters.

Swell'd Columns, are thofe which have a buldging, or fwelling, in proportion to the height of the Shaft.

Authors are much divided on the Subjecr of this Swelling ; Sir H. Wotton treats it as a moil ridiculous Abufe : yet the Practice obtains among the modern Architects ; who gene- rally make their Columns a little bigger at one third of their height, than at the Bafe ; i. e. they diminifh the Column near the Bafe 5 which makes the Part appear big, and occa- fions a Swelling at about one third of the height.

This Swelling appears to have been unknown to the An- tients. M. le Clerc obferves, it ought not to exceed one Minute and a half at moft. He thinks it ought never to be us'd, excepting where rhere is a particular occafion for it 3 as where Columns are to be placed over one another.

DiminiJIfd Column, is that which has no fwelling, but begins to taper, or diminifll, from the Bafe 5 in imitation of Trees. See Diminution.

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Such are moft of the Antique CoHMns of Granate ; p att ;_ cularly the Corinthian ones in the Porch of- the Pantheon.

Gothic Column, a round Pillar,^ either too ftiort for i^ bulk, or too (lender fot its height"; as having, fometimes 20 Diameters ; and this without either Diminution, or Swel- ling : yet, its Ornaments, and the Characters of its work, be- ing as far from thofe of rhe Antique as its Proportions. See Gothic.

Hermetic Column, a kind of Pilafter, in manner of 8 Terminus ; having rhe Head of a Man, in lieu of a Capi. ral. It had its Name from a Cuftom among the Antients of placing Mercury's Head, whom the Greeks call Hermes' a-top of Columns. See Hermes;

MaJJive Columns, are thofe roo fjiort for the Order whofe Capital they bear ; as the Pillars in Gothic Churches ulually are. See Massive.

Under the Term MaJJive, are, likewife, frequently com- prehended Ruftic and Tufcan Columns. See Rustic.

Cylindrical Column, is rhat which has neither Swelling nor Diminution.

Oval Column, that whofe Shaft has a Flatnefs ; its Plan being made oval, to reduce the Projecrure.

'Polygmous Column, has feveral Sides, or Faces : The moft Regular of thefe have eight Faces.

Thefe three laft, Daviler regards as Abufes in Archi- recture.

'Paftoral Column, that whofe Shaft is form'd in imitation of the Trunk of a Tree, with Bark and Knots.

This Kind of Column, in the tufcan Proportion, may be ufed in the Gates of Parks and Gardens ; in the Decoration of Paftoral Scenes, ££e.

Serpentine Column, a Column form'd of three Serpents, twifted together 5 the Heads whereof ferve as a Capital.

An Inftance of this is at Conftantinople ; in the Square called Atmeidan, antiently the Hippodrome. 2>. Gilles calls this the Delphic Column ; as imagining it antiently ferv'd for the Tripod of Apollo, in the Temple at Delphos. It is now or- dinarily called the talifman, or Enchanted Column. Columns, with regard to their Difpofition.

Infulated Column, is that {landing free, and detach'd, on all Sides, from any other Body.

Column inferted, or back'd, is that attach'd to a Wall, by a third or fourth Part of its Diameter.

Column JSlicb'd, is that whofe Shaft enters, with half its Diameter, into a Wall, which is hollowed for its Recepion; with its Plan patallel to the Projecture of the Tore.

Such is that in the Portal of St. feter at Rome.

Angular Column, is an infulated Column, placed in the Coin, or Corner of a Portico ; or inferted into the Corner of a Building : Or, even a Column that flanks an Angle, either acute or obtufe, of a Figure of many Sides.

Attic Column, according to 'Pliny, is a Pilafter infulated ; having four equal Faces, or Sides ; and of the higheft Pnh portion, v.g. Corinthian.

■ Flank'd Column, according to M. Hlondel, is a Column engag'd with one half, or ar leaft, one third of its Diameter, between two Demi-Pilafters.

Doubled Colomn, is an Affemblage of two Columns; join'd in fuch a manner, as that the two Shafts penetrate each other with a third of their Diameter. Such are thofe of the four Angles in the Court of the Louvre.

Coupled Columns, are thofe difpofed by two and two ; fo as aimoft to touch each other at their Bafes, and Capitals.

Canton d Columns, thofe engag'd in the four Corners of a fquare Pillar, to fupport four Springs of an Arch.

Grouped Columns, thofe placed on the fame Pedeftal, or Socle ; either by three and three, or by four and four.

Median Columns. Vitruvius gives the Name Columns Medians, to the two Columns in the middle of a Porch, which have their Intercolumniation larger than the reft : So that if thefe laft, for inftance, be 'Pyaioftyles ; the Medianes are Euftyle.

The Term may alfo be applied to the middle Row of Co- lumns, in a Frontifpiece adorn'd with three Orders. Columns, with regard to their Ufe.

Aftronomical Column, is a kind of Obfcrvatory, in form of a very high Tower ; built hollow, and with a fpiral Af- cent to zn Armillary Sphere; placed a-top, for obferving the Courfes of the heavenly Bodies.

Such is that, of the Doric Order, erected at the Hotel ii SoiJJo'as at 'Paris, by Catherine de Medicis, for the Obferva- tions of Orontius Fineus, a celebrated Aftronomer of rhat Time.

Chronological Column, that which bears fome hiftorical Infcription, digefted according to the Order of Time : as by Luftra, Olympiads, Fafti, Epochas, Annals, &c.

At Athens thete were Columns of this kind, whereon were inferib'd thejwhole Hiftory of Greece, digefted into Olympiads.

Hollow Column, that which has a fpiral Stair-cafe within- fide, for the Convenience of afcending to the rop : As the Trajan Column, the Stair-cafe whereof confifts of 1 8 5 Steps, and is illumin'd by 43 little Windows ; The Antonine Co- lumn,