Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/412

 COL

(4*8 )

COL

Gmlr, ftalv, and the other Southern Parts of Europe ', and afrer federal bloody Battels, divided it with the antient In- habitants.

For the fecond kind of Cobnut, the Romans us d em more than any other People ; and that to lecure the Conquetts they had made from the Weil to the Ball. Every one knows how many Cities in Gaul, Germany, Spain, and even Eng- land, value thcmfelves on their having been of the Number of Roman Colonies. ti-/i.»3 u

Lailly the Colonies of Commerce, are thoic eftabhfh d by the EngtiA French, Spaniards, 'Pcrtuguefe, and other Na- tions within thcfc two lait Centuries, and which they con- tinue ftili to elkblifh, in feveral Parts of Afia, Africa and America ; either to keep up a regular Commerce with the Natives, or to cultivate the Grounds, by planting Sugar- Canes, Indigo, Tobacco, and other Commodities. SeeCoM-

MERCE.

The principal of this Kind of Colonies, are in the one and the other America, Northern and Southern ; particu- larly Teru, Mexico, Canada, Virginia, New-England, Ca- rolina, la Louifiane, V Acadia, Hudfons "Bay, the, Antilles Iflands, Jamaica, 'Domingo, and the other JUands.

In Africa, Madagafcar, Cafe of Good Hope, Cap Verd, and its Iflands, and all thofe vail Coafts, extended thence as far as to the Red Sea.

Laftly, in A/la, the famous Batavia of the Dutch ; Goa, 2) in of the Portuguefe ; and ionic other Jefs confiderable Places of the Englijlo, French, and Danes.

M. Vaillant has fill'd a Volume in Folio with Medals (truck by the feveral Colonies, in honour of the Emperors who founded 'em. The ordinary Symbol they engrav'd on their Medals, was, either an Eagle ; as when the Veteran Le- gions were diftributed in the Colonies : or a Labourer, hold- ing a Plough drawn by a pair of Oxen ; as when the Colony confiltcd of ordinary Inhabitants. On all the Medals are feen the Names of the Decemvirs ; who held the fame Rank, and had the fame Authority there, as the Confute had at Rome. See Decemvir.

There were two Kinds of Colonies among the Romans; thofe fent by the Senate ; and the Military ones, confifting of old Soldiers, broken and difabled with the Fatigues of War, who were thus provided with Lands, as the Reward of their Services. See Benefice.

The Colonies fent by the Senate, were either Roman, or Latin -j i.e. compos'd either of Roman Citizens, ox Lathis.

The Colonies ox Roman Citizens had the Right of Suffra- ges ; but had no part in the Offices or Honours of the R.e- publick. The Inhabitants of Latin Colonies, had no Right of Suffrages without an cxprefs Permiffion. SeeCinzEN,^.

According to Ulpian, (lib. de Ccnf.) there were other Co- lonies, which had little more than the Name; only enjoying what they call'd 'Jus Italicum ; i.e. they were free from the Tributes and Taxes paid by the Provinces : Such were the Colonics of Tyre, Berytus, Heltopolis, Palmyra, &c.

Originally, the Word Colony fignify'd no more than a Farm ; /. e. the Habitation of a Peafant, with the Quantity of Land fufficicnt for the Support of his Family 5 Quantum Colomis linns arare poterat.

COLOPHONY, a kind of Gum ; being only a finer Tur- pentine, bo'il'd in Water till it be redue'd into a folid Con- fidence. Sec Turpentine.

The chief Ufe of this Drug is in the Cure of Venereal Ailings, Seminal Weakneffes, the Whites in Women, £5?c. The Apothecaries make it into Pills, which they roll in Li- quorice-Powder, or cover over with Gold- Leaf, and call them Turpentine 'Pills.

It is alio ufed by Muficians, to rub the Hairs of their Bow withal ; the Effect whereof is, that the Gum cleaning the Hairs, and communicating to 'em a tenacious Quality, pre- vents their Hiding too eafily over the Strings 5 and promotes that trembling which forms the Sound.

Colophony is alfo an oleaginous Subflance, of a yellow- ifh Colour, dry, and friable, compos'd of the Remains of Refins of Fir, and Fir-Apples, condens'd by Coclion, and hardened by Cold.

To be good, it mufl be fhining and odoriferous ; and when thrown on the Fire, render a Smoke like that of In- cenfe.

'Pliny fays, Colophony took its Name from Colophon, a City of Ionia, whence it was firft brought.

"Tis now frequently called Spanijh Wax, or Grecian Re- fat ; as it is brought from the one or the other of thofe Countries. It is found to warm, dry, foften, and agglutinate, and ufually enters the Composition of Piaillers and Unguents.

Colophony is alfo ufed for the Remains of Turpentine diftilled ; or the grofs Part rclling at the bottom of the Vef- fei. See Distillation.

COLOQUINTIDA, or COLOCYNTKIS, ufually call'd Sitter Apple ; the Fruit of a Plant of the fame Name, brought from the £tfVi08££-. about the bignefs of a large Orange.

Its Colour is that of a golden brown : Its infide is ful] f Kernels, which are to be taken out before the Cohcinthish us'd. Both the Seed and Pulp are intolerably Bitter.

Coloquintida is of confiderable ufe in Medicine, but molt- ]y in officinal Compofitions ; the Violence of its Operation rendring it unfafe to be given inwardly in extemporaneous Prefcriptions, except with great Caution.

It enters, as an Ingredient, in the Confetlio Hamec. and moll purging Pills; and in fuch Cafes as require purging j. attended with great fuccels. It is one of the moll violent purgative Drugs known ;■ infomuch that it excoriates the Paf, fages to that degree, as fomctimes to bring away Blood, and induce a Superpurgation. Sometimes it is taken boil'd in Water, or Small Beer, in Obftruclion of the Menfes; which inflrongConllitutions, is often attended with Succefs. Some Women have got a trick of taking it, in the fame manner in the beginning of Pregnancy, to procure Abortion; which it often effecls by the Violence of its Operation.

The Pouder of Coloquintida is fomctimes ufed externally with Aloes, &c. in Unguents, Emplaiitcrs, £f?c. with re- markable Succefs againfl Worms ; and fomc, for the fame purpefe, recommend the Pulp, given Clyfter-wife. In the Iliac Paffion, Clyllcrs of Coloquintida have been found offer- vice, after molt other Medicines have fail'd.

Troches made of Colocynth, are called Troches of Alhandal: They are prepared by cutting the Coloquintida very final! and reducing it to a fine Pouder in a Mortar, rubb'd with Oil of fweet Almonds; adding Gum Tragacanih, and Mall ic afterwards. See Troches.

The Word comes from the Greek x.oA<wtyV9n, which was gi- ven it, in regard it noih.Uv tttv&i, agitates the 'Belly.

COLORBAS1ANS, a Branch of Gnofticks ; fo called from Cohrhafus, who improv'd en the Vifions of the Gnof ticks that had proceeded 'em. St. Epiphanius enumerates and confutes their Errors. See Gnostics.

COLOR1SATION, or COLORATION, in Pharmacy, a Term applied to the feveral Changes of Colour which Bo- dies undergo in the various Operation's of Nature, or Art 5 as by Fermentations, Lotions, Coitions, or Calcinations, f£c. See Colour.,- and Colouring.

COLOSSAL Column. See Column.

COLOSSUS, a Statue of a prodigious Size, reprefenting a Giant. See Statue.

The mod eminent of this kind was the Colojfus of Rhodes, a Statue of Apollo, fo high, that Ships pafs'd with full Sails betwixt its Legs. It was the Workmanfhip of Chares, a Difciple of Ly/ippus ; who fpent twelve Years in making it: 'Twas at length overthrown by an Earthquake, after having flood 1360 Years. Its Height was fixfeore and fix Foot: There were few People could fathom its Thumb, $$c.

Some Criticks obferve, that the Colffus of Rhodes gave its own Name to the People among whom it flood ; and that many, at lea ft among the antient Poets, call the Rhodi- ans, ColoJJians : Hence they advance an Opinion, that the ColoJJians in Scripture, to whom St. 'Paul directs his Epifile, are, in reality, the Inhabitants of Rhodes. Ot this Senti- ment are Suidas, Calepin, Munjter, &c.

When the Saracens became poffefs'd of the Ifland, the Statue was found laid along the ground : They fold it to a Jew, who loaded 900 Camels with the Brafs.

The Bails that fupported it was of a triangular Figure, its Extremities were fuilain'd with tfo Pillars of Marble. There was a winding Stair-cafe to go up to the top of it ; from whence one might difcover Syria, and the Ships that went into Egypt, in a great Looking-Glafs, that was hung about the Neck of the Statue.

Among the Antiquities of Rome, there are feven famous Colojfus's : two of Jupiter, as many of Apollo; one of Nero, one of iJoraitian, and one of the Sun.

The Term Colojfus takes its rife -m^ w m\mv to a<raa, quod mimiat & retundat oculos.

COLOSTRUM, or COLOSTRA, in Medicine, Milk coagulated in Womens Breafts. See Milk.

The Name is alfo given to a Difeafe which this coagulated Milk occafions.

COLOUR, in Philofophy, a Property inherent in Light, whereby, according to the different Sizes, or Magnitudes ot its Parts, it excites different Vibrations in the Fibres ot the Optick Nerve; which propagated to the Scnforium, arfecls the Mind with different Senlations.

Or, Colour may be defin'd a Senfation of the Soul, excited by the Application of Light to the Retina of the Eye ; and different, as that Light differs in the degree of its Refrangi- bility, and the Magnitude of its component Parts. See Sen- sation.

In the former View, therefore, Light is the Subjecl of Co- lour ; in the latter it is the Agent. See its Properties un- der the Article Light.

Various arc the Opinions of antient and modern Authors, and of the feveral Seels of Philofophers, with regard to the Nature and Origin of the Phenomenon Colour: The moll

popular