Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/407

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is nothing taken, either for the King, or for the Expencesof Coining ; it having been fettled by Act of Parliament, that all Money fhould be (truck at the publick Expence : fo that Weight is return'd for Weight, to all Perfons who carry their Gold or Silver to the Tower. See Slignorage.

The Species coind. in Englandy are efteem'd contraband Goods, and not to be exported : All foreign Species are al- low "d by Act of Parliament, made in 1(573, t0 be fent out of the Realm; as well as Gold and Silver in Bars, Ingots, Duft, %5c. Indeed, in the Seffion ofParliament in 1718, En- deavours were made to put a flop to this Licenfe, which drains England of its richeit Metals; but in vain ; the Par- liament having fet afide the Bill, without coming to any Re- folution.

The Spanijb Coinage is efteem'd one of the lead perfect in Europe : It is fettled at Sevil and Segovia, the only Ci- ties where Gold and Silver are (truck. ] Tis true, there are brought from Mexico, Tern, and other Provinces of the Spanijh America, fuch va(t Quantities of Pieces of Eight, and other Species, both ot Gold and Silver, that, in this refpect, it mull be own'd, there is no State in the World where fo much Money is co'ind, as in that of the King of Spain.

Mufcovite Coinage. The Czar (Irikes no Money but ,5V/uW,and that only in the Cities of Mqfco^ Novcgrod,Twere t and 'Plefcou ; to which may be now added Petersburg, the favourite City of his Czarian Majefty. The Coinage of each of thefe Cities is let out to farm, and makes part of the Roy- al Revenue.

Perfian Coinage. All the Money made in 'Perfia, is flruck with the Hammer : and the fame may be understood of the reit of Afia and America, and the Coafts of Africa, and even Mufcovy ; the Invention of the Mill being not yet got out of Europe, nor even elbblifh'd in every Part of it. The King's Duty, in Perfia, is feven and a half per Cent, for all the Monies coind, which are now reduced to Silver and Copper : there being no Gold coin'd there; except a kind of Medals at the Acceffion of a new Sophi.

The Coinage of Fez, and Tunis, is not under any Difci- pline ; each Goldfmith, Jew, and even private Perfon, under- taking it at pleafure; which renders their Money exceeding bad, and their Commerce very unfafe.

COITION, the Intercourfe between Male and Female in the Act of Generation. See Generation.

It is obferv'd, that Frogs are 40 Days in the Act of Coi- tion. Sartbo line, &c. relate, that Butterflies make 130 Vi- brations of the Wings in Coition.

Coition is alfo fometimes ufed for that mutual Attrac- tion, or Tendency toward each other, which is found between Iron and the Magnet. See Magnet.

COLARBASIANS, a Sett of Hereticks in the lid Cen- tury; fo called from their Leader Colarbafus, a Difciple of Valentine ; who, with Marcus, another Difciple of the fame Mailer, maintain'd the whole Plenitude, and Perfection of Truth and Religion, to be contain'd in the Greek Alphabet ; and that 'twas upon this account Jefus Chriit was called the Alpha and Omega.

COLARIN, in Architeaure, the little Frife of the Capi- tal of the Tnfcan and "Doric Column; plac'd between the Aftragal, and the Annulets : called by Vitruvius, Hypotra- cheliu/n. See Frize, &c.

Colarin is alio ufed for the Orlo, or Ring, a-top of the Shaft of the Column, next the Capital ; called alfo Cinffure. See Cincturf. <

COLATURE, in Pharmacy, the Separation of a Liquor from fome Mixture, or Impurity, by percolating, or drain- ing it thro' the narrow Pores of a Cloth, or other Matter; which will give paffage to the fine, and pure Part, but inter- cept the groffer. See Percolation, and Filtration.

COLCOTHAR, in Natural Hitfory, g£c. There are two Kinds of Colcotbar, Natural and Factitious.

The Natural is otherwife called Chalcitis ; being a red Vitriol, brought from Germany ^ form'd from the common green Vitriol, calcin'd naturally by fome fubterraneous Fire. See Chalcitis.

The Artificial is alfo a green Vitriol, calcin'd a long time by an intenfe Fire ; and by that means redue'd to the red- nefs of Blood.

Colcothar Vitr'ioli, is particularly us'd for the Dregs, or Remains, left at the Bottom of the Veflel, after the DHiilla- tion of Vitriol. See Vitriol.

COLD, Something devoid of Heat, or which contains in it no Particles of Fire. See Fire.

This Definition is agreeable to the Sentiments of moft of the modern Philofophers, who make Cold a mere negative Term ; and fuppofe the Thing toconfill in a mere Privation, or Diminution of Heat.

Others define Cold, much on the fame Principle, to be that State of the minute Parts of a Body, wherein they are more (lowly and faintly agitated than thofe of the Organs of Feeling : l n which Senfe, Cold is a mere Term of Relation ; and hence the fame Body becomes liable to be perceiv'd hot or cold-, as its Particles are in a greater or lets degree of Mo- 3

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COL

it", '%l tll0fe of the fcnfibIe ° rgans - See Sense - feel -

pJS^ifl fu PP°£ d, , ° con , fi " in » particular Motion of the farts of the hot Body; and hence the Nature of Cold, which is its .oppofire, 18 ealily deducible : For Cold, we find rxtin- guill res or rather abates Heat; whence it items to follow that thofe Bodies are cold, which check and rellrain the Mo- tion or the Particles wherein Heat confifts. See Heat

New there are three Kinds of Bodies which may do this, viz. either thofe whole Particles are perfeftly at reit ; or thole, whole Particles are indeed agitated, bat lefs violently than thole of the hot Body to which they ate applied : or, latti)' thole whofe Particles have a Motion proper for exci- ting the Senfation ot Heat, but move with a different Deter- mination ; fo as to retain and change the Motion of the Pap. ticle s of the Organ.

« I J enC V, hereari( ' ethl ' ec<,iff '-' rent KincIs of Cold, or cold Mdres: J he ift is, that Cold common to all hard Bodies, which confiils in the Red of their Parts. The zi is that whicih anles on plunging any Parr of the Body in Water ; which confrfts in tin., that the Parts of our ■.Prscordia being more briikJy agitated than thofe of the Fluid, communicate part of their Motion to it. The ;d, the Cold felt on collect- ing even warm Air with a Fan, or in blowing hot Breath out of our Month, with the Lipsclofe Ihut; which confifts in this* that the direfl Motion of the Particles of Air, do in fome mealure change and rebate the Motion and Determination of the .Parts of the Body : And hence it is, that a cold Body can- not cool another without heating it felf. Hence alfo it is, that the more 1 arts of a frigid Body are at reft, the more mult the Particles of a warm Body applied to heat 'em, lofe of their Motion, and by confequence oftheir Heat. Thus a Mar- ble having more quiefcent Parts than Wood, which is full of lores and Interlaces, is felt colder than Wood. Hence alfo we fee why Air, near Marble and oiher denfe Bodies, feels lomewhat colder rhan in orher Places.

On this Principle, the two latter Kinds of Cold appear fomewhat more than Privations : The Particles inducing the Cold, may be efteem'd real frigorific Corpufcles ; and Ccld- liefs be deem'd a real Quality as well as Hotnefs. See Qua- lity, Frigorific, &c.

Thefe Particles do not only check the Agitation of thofe continually diffus'd from the inner -Parts of the Animal to the outer ; bur, having an elaftick Power, bend and hang about the Filaments of the Body, pinch and fqueeze thetrTj and hence that acute pungent Senfation called Cold.

That Cold is more than a mere Relation, or Comparifon, is evident from its having real and pofirive EffeBs ; fuch as Freezing, Congelation, Condenfation, Rarefaction, Burfting, iSc. See Freezing, gjc.

Br. Clark takes Cold to be owing to certain nitrous, and other faline Particles, endued with particular Figures proper to produce fuch Effects. Hence, Sal Ammoniac, Salt Petre, or Salt of Urine, and many other volatile and alkalizate Salts, mix'd with Water, increafe its degree of cold very fenftbly. Hence alio that popular Obfervation, that Cold prevents Corruption; which, however, mull not be admitted without an Exception : fince, if a hard, porous Body have its Inter- ftices fill'd with Water, and this be too much dilated by freezing, the including Body will be buril. And thus it is, that Cold proves deftruflive to the Parts of fome Plants. See Ice, Frost, Condensation, Rarefaction, &c.

COLIC, in Medicine, a cruel, fevere, gnawing Pain, felt in the lower Venter; fo called, becaufc the ordinary Seat of the Dilorder, was antiently fuppos'd to be in the Interline Colon.

Phyficians ufually diftingui/h three Kinds ot Colic, the Si- liom, Windy, and Nephritic.

The bilious Colic has its tife from certain (harp, bilious, flimulating Humours, which being diffus'd rhro' the Intef- tines, vellicate their Fibres, and occafion a Senfation of Pain. Tho Wdlts takes the Part principally aft'efted to be the Me- fentery.

Dr. Sydenham obferves, that the hilious Colic ufually at- tacks about the beginning of Summer; that it's generally at- tended with a Vomiting of bilious green Uquor ; that the Patient complains of exceffive Heat, great Gripings, Faint- nefs, tsc. and that if it be not foon remedy'd, it is apt to turn into the Iliac Paffion. See Iliac TaJJion.

Saglivi notes, that if the Patient fweat much, and be much enfeebled ; the Difeafe is apt to degenerate into a Palfy. The Cure, he fays, depends on Bleeding, gentle Cathartics, and Enemas ; and if it arife from a Crapula, an Emetic is to precede : after which, the Cure is to be compleated with proper Anodynes.

The Wind Colic is vagabond, never flaying in any fixed Place ; being produe'd by windy Vapours, which fwell and difrend the Interlines they are inclos'd in.

The Nephritic Colic is felt particularly in the Reins, whence it has its Name; the Greek vzyd* fignifying Rem, See Nephritic.

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