Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/405

 C O I

Maife has ceas'd to be a common Money fince the Difco- very of America by the Europeans.

Almonds are chiefly ufed where the Cauris are not current. As the Year proves more or lefs favourable to this Fruit, the Value of the Money is higher or lower : In a common Year 40 Almonds are fet againft a Pefcha, or Halfpenny Sterling ; which brings each Almond to f^ of a Farthing.

C & )

c o 1

a f£T' m ArcI "i e ? tt S. » kM °f Die, cut diagonal-wife, after the manner of the Flight of a Sraircafe, fetving a, bot- tom to fupport Columns ma Level , and at top to corred the Inclination of an Entablature, fupporting a Vault

lhefe CWhave alfo the fame effect with round Baluf- ters, which are not inclined according to any Flight

■:^ore of two^£^Hld^a^Sch^:et A wfeh^CAn f gle be exterior, as the Coin of a Wall, a' Tree, ($c. or inte- rior, as the Com of a Chamber, or Chimney: from the Word

the Antients are as follow.

Antient Coins

Value and Proportion of the Jewifti Coins.

Gerah

Maneh '

Minah Hebraica \

iTalent

Solidus Aureus, or Sextula, worth

Siclus Aureus, worth ■

A Talent of Gold, worth

/.

s.

00

d. Sterl

00.

i|fe

00.

01 :

I 77

00.

02

3l

06

16

•of

342

.•03

.-00

00

• 12

of

T

16

6

547 5 •■ 00 : o

Value 1

'. 'Proportion of the antient Grecian Coins.

J. d. yj-s. Sterl.

Cmeut, Wedge. See Qyoi:

COINAGE, or Coining, the Art or Act of manufafturing, or making Money. See Money.

».-n° INING ' is either performed by the Hammer or the Mill. *

_ Thefirft Method is now little ufed in Europe, efpecijlly in England, France, &b. tho the only one known till the y.eari55 3, when a new Machine, or coining Mill, having been invented by an Engraver, one Antoine Srucbcr, was torlt try d in the French King's Palace at Paris, for the coin- S?n C ° Unters - Tho fomc attribute the Invention of the Mill to Varin, a famous Engraver, who, in reality, was no more than an Improver of it ; and oihcrs to Auhry Olivier, who had only the Infpeftion of it.

The Mill has met with various Fate fince its firft Inven- l by, and the Hammer re- t footing, by the Nearnefs ■ Species ftruck with it, that there ap- pears no probability of its being again difus'd. See Mill.

in either kind of coining, the pieces of Metal are fiamo'd, or ftruck with a kind of Molds, or Coins, wherein are engra. ven the Prince s Effigies, with the Arms, Legend, £&'. the manner of preparing and cutting of which, fee under Gra- ving.

The firft Operations in coining are the mixing, and melting of the Metal.

For the ift, it is to be obferv'd, that there are no Snecies com d of pure Gold or Silver, but always a quantity of Alloy of Copper is mix'd with them : The Reafons are par* the Scarcity of thofe two Metals, partly the Neceffity of making them harder by fome foreign Admixture ■ and partly to de- fray the Expcnces of coining. See Alloy.

Now there are two Kinds of alloying, or mixing : the firft where the Gold or Silver has not been ufed for Money

Note alfo, the Drachma is here, with the generality of *S^^&^£$&**£3> °< D * " Authors, fuppos'd equal to the Denarius : tho there':

7 14

28

5«

112

224

111

661

IjM

I660

Cha

2

1

8 16

T2

£.

T12

7^i

cus DM

2

4

8

ale He

i 4

LIS

mi Ob

2

0:0:1!

aboHum ■ • : 2 -Z-

01US. . j. j V

Diaboluni ■. : 2 : 2 • L

15

4 s

ii

no

8

24

4»

4

6 12

if 6

"■':

Dr

z

4

5

achma ■. 7 . ,

DiJrachmum > 1:2:2,

2 Tetrad rachm. Stater 2:7:0 2-fli^|Pentadrachmum 3 : 2 : 2

ine Mill nas met with various F tion ; being now us'd, and again laid b fum'd : but it has at length got that f • and Perfeftion of the Species ftruck <

Note, Of thefe the Drachma, Didrachm, 0c. were of Sil- ■ ver, the reft for the moll part of Srafs. The other Parts, as Tridrachm, Triobolus, cj?c. were fometimes coined.

I/-

IS

Kcafon to believe, the Drachma was fomewhat the weightier. See Drachma.

The Grecian Gold Coin was the Stater Au- reus, weighing two Attick Drachms, or half of the Stater Argenreus ; and exchanging ufually for 2 5 Attic Drachms of Silver ; in our Money. ..

According to our Proportion of Gold to Silver

There were likewife rhe Stater Cyzicenus, ex- changing for 28 Attick Drachms, or

Stater Philippicus, and Stater Alcxandrinus, of the fame Value.

Stater Daricus, according to Jofephus, worth 50 Attick Drachms, or ■.

Stater Crajfius, of the fame Value.

^o : iS :

Value and Proportion of the Roman Coins. s. d. qrs.

Sterl.

1 4

Sen

2

liUbella

Libella As

I 1:

20

_5_ 10

2^

Sell

5

2

4'

2C

IC

i

Quinarius ? _____ ViftoriatusS

Denarius —

3

s. 4 ••

d.

Note, Of thefe the Denarius, Victoriatus, Seftertius, and fometimes the As, were of Silver, the reft of Srafs.

There were fometimes alfo coin'd of Srafs the Triens, Sextans, Uncia, Sextula, and Dupondius.

The Reman Gold Coin was the Aureus, which weigh'd generally double the Denarius; the. Value of which, according to the firft Pro- portion of Coinage mention'd by Pliny, was

According to the Propottion that obtains now amongft us, worth

According to the Decuple Proportion, menti- ondby Livy and Julius Pollux, worth —

According to the Proportion mention'd by Ta citus, and which afterwards ' by the Aureus exchan 2 'd Value

, are to be melted down into a new Money.

, The proportioning of the Alloy with the fine Metal is ea- iy in the firft Cafe, in the other more difficult : The Arith- meticians make a long Doflrine of it, which fee under Al- ligation.

Xet is it readily eftecfed by the following Method, taken from the anonymous Author of the Treatife at the End of that of Mr. Soifard, viz.

Write down the feveral Matters to be melted, their Qua- lity, Weight, and Finenefs, in two diftinct. Articles ■ the one containing thofe above the Standard, the other thofe under it: By calculating tho firft, you iTiall have the Excefs by the latter the Dcfefl. Then comparing the two Product, you will find by Subtraction, how much Alloy mutt be added to bring the feveral Matters to the Finenefs requir'd

For the melting, if the Metal be Gold, 'tis done in Earthen Crucibles; if Silver o. ■Copper, in Iron ones. See Crucible.

There are two Kinds of Furnaces proper for the melting of Metals 5 thofe with Wind, and thofe with Bellows : Se? each explain d under the Article Forn ice

When the Gold or Silver are in Salneo, I e. are entirely melted, they are flirr'd and brew'd together; the Silver and Copper with an Iron Stirrer, the Gold with one of bak'd Earth. In this State they are pour'd into Molds, or Frames for the catting cm into Plates, or Sheets : the Method of doing which, is exaflly the fame with that us'd by the Founders ,n Sand ; both with regard to the Frames, the

S,™ <T r £ ng Ae Ear ^ h ' and of ra,, S in S the M ° d els or £? »\ /*; FtH,NDR * j ft e alfo Frame, and Mould. The Models are flat Plates of G

ppe

about 1 j Inches

n mention'd by Ta-*\ rds obtain'd, where- ( 1 for 2 5 Denarii, its f°

1 — -. ^"Vfui, auuuL 1, 111CI12S

long, and nearly of the thicknefs of the Species to be ftruck.
 * , In each Mold are placed eight of thefe to make Plates for

Guineas, ten for Half Guineas, five for Crowns, i$c. and in proportion for Copper. All the difference between catting the Plates of Gold, and thofe of other Metals confiftino in this; that the latter are taken out of the Crucibles with La- dles and pour d into the Aperture of the Mold ; and that tor (jold, the Crucible is taken off the Fire with a kind of

~(f' and th ence pour'd into the Mold. l »i US ^ ar t ' lc ^meet's is the fame, in coining either with ™ e Mill or the Hammer: When the Plates are taken out of the Molds the difference commences : fo that here the Ar- ticle of Coining divides into two Branches.

Coining by the Mill, or Mill'd Money, The Plates being taken out of the Molds, (craped, and brufli'd, are pafs'd feveral rimes thro' the Mill to flatten