Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/396

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C OA

Ufe,£?f. we diftinguifti Stage-Coaches, Hackney-Coaches, &c.

Chariot, or Half-Coach, is a kind of Coach that has only a Seat behind ; with a Sroo!, at moft, before. When thefe are very gay, richly garnifh'd, and have five- GlaiTes, they are call'd CalaJJjes.

Calajh is alfo a kind of light fmall Coach, with very low Wheels, richly adorn'd ; us'd on occaiion of Pleafure : and open on all fides, to take the Air, and enjoy the Profpect. There are of thefe Calajhcs with one, two, and three Seats ; where the Perfons don't fit facing one another, as in the common Coaches, but all forwards, each Seat having its back.

Hackney Coaches, thofe expos'd to hire, in the Streets of London, and fome other Capital Cities, at Rates fix'd by Authority.

Thofe in London are under the Direction of CommiiTio- ners, who take cognizance of all Caufcs and Difputes arifing thereupon. They are diftinguilh'd by Numbers arfix'd to the Coach-Doors ; and the Fares, or Rates, fix'd by a Sta- tute 14 Car. II. and confirm'd by another in the 5th and 6th of K. William III.

For a whole Day of twelve Hours the Fare is \os. for a fingle Hour is. 6 d. for every Hour after the firft 1 J. At thefe Rates, they are oblig'd to carry Paffengers any where within 10 Miles of London.

♦Stage-CoACHEs, arc thofe deftin'd for the Conveyance of Travellers from one City or Town to another.

COADJUTOR, q. d. a Fellow-be iper, is properly ufed for a Prelate join'd to another, to afltit him in the Difcharge of the Functions of hi? Prelature ; and even, in virtue there- of, to fucceed him.

The Coadjutor has the fame Privileges with the Bifticp himfelf. See Bishop.

Coadjutors were appointed by the King, for Archbiftiops and Bifhops grown old, or abfent, and not able to adminifter in their Diocefes. But the Right of appointing Coadjutors is now refeiv'd to the Pope alone.

Coadjutors are called Bifhops in partihus ivfidelium ; in regard "it is neceflary the Coadjutor of a Bifiiop ftiould be a BiJhop himfelf 5 without which, he can't difcharge theOffices.

The Ufe of Coadjutors in the Church, is borrow'd from the Roman Empire. Symmachus fpeaks of Afliftants, or Coadjutors, given to Magiftrates ; and calls them Adjutores pvMici officii.

The Popes, formerly, made a fhameful Abufe of the. Coad- jutories : Some they granted to Children, and young People, with this Claufe, Donee ingreffus fuerit 5 ' Till they were Others they granted to Perfons not in Orders, with this Claufe, 7)onec accefferit : and others to Perfons at a great diftance, with this Claufe, Q'-m regreffus : But the Council of Trent ty'd down the Pope's Hands, by adding abundance of Reftrictions upon the Article of Coadjutors.
 * capable of entering upon the Adminiftration of the Office.'

In Nunneries they have Coadjutrix's ; who are Religi- ous nominated to fucceed the Abbefs, under pretence of aid- ing her in the Difcharge of her Office. See Abbess.

COAGMENTATION, is ufed among Chymifts, for the Act of melting down a Matter, by cafting in certain Pouders, and afterwards reducing the whole into a Concrete, or Solid.

COAGULATION, the condenfing or thickning of a fluid Matter, without itslofing any of the fenfible Parts which occafion'd its fluidity 5 as we frequently fee in Blood, Milk, igc. See Fluid.

We diftinguifh between that kind of thickening which is effected by the Evaporation of the fluid Parts of a Body, as in Clay, which condenfes in the Sun, which we properly call hardening ; and that effected without any lofsof its Sub- ftance, which we call coagulating. Thus, we fay, that Cold coagulates Blood, &c,

There is one general Term, viz. Concretion, which in- cludes both Coagulation, Condensation and Hardening. See Concretion.

Coagulation is perform 'd by the mixing of Salts of different Natures ; as when Spirit of Vitriol is pour'd on Oil of Tar- tar 5 or when Oils are mix'd in a Mortar with faline, or aque- ous Liquors, as in Nutrition.

By injecting an Acid into the Vein of an Animal, the Blood coagulates ; which flops its Circulation, and brings im- mediate Death. See Bloob.

Several Poifons have their effect by inducing a Coagula- tion. See Poison.

COAL, a black, fulphurous, inflammable Matter, dug out of the Earth j ferving in many Countries as the common Fuel. See Fuel.

This we fometimes call 'Pit-Coal, fometimes Sea-Coal, FoJ/il-Coal, Earth-Coal, and Natural Coal ; to diftinguifti it fiom an Artificial Fuel made in imitation hereof, by half burning the Branches and Roots of Trees ; properly call'd Charcoal, and Smallcoal. See Charcoal.

Pit-Co al is rank'd among the number of Minerals, and the Places it is dug out of arc call'd Coal-Mines, or Coal- 'Pits. It is common in moft Countries of Europe : tho thu Englijjj Coal is of moft repute, even in foreign Countries - 7

notwithstanding fome pretend, that of the Fojjc'm Auvenne is not any thing inferior to it.

The Goodnefs of Coal confifts in its being as free poflible from Sulphur, in its heating Iron well, and in its burning a long time in the Smith's Forge. The Engl'ifh Coal has this particular to it 5 that it never lights fo perfectly as when Water is thrown on it.

The Commerce of Coat is very considerable in England- great Quantities are exported to France, &c. by way of Rouen. The Mcafure whereby they are fold is the Chal- dron $ containing 3d BuJ&els. See Bushel.

In the Memoirs of the French Royal Academy, we have an Account of two Experiments on the common Pit-Coal made by M. lies Landcs while in England, and which he thinks have efcap'd the Englijh Philofophers.

ift, Pounding ibme Coal, and putting half an Ounce of it in a Viol of Water, the Mixture became quite black -. but leaving it expos'd to the Air in a Window, during a cold Winter Night ; in the Morning 'twas found frozen, and con- verted into a reddifh Colour. The Reafon of the Chano e mull be, that the Froft had difengag'd the Sulphurs of the Coal : tho one would little expect fuch an Effect from it.

idly, From an Infufion of Cinders in Brandy, mix'd with Iron Filings, arifes a black Tincture, which brightens in pro- portion as it is heated 5 when arriv'd at the height of boil- ing, the Colour becomes perfectly fine and foft ; and gives a Dye to Cloth, which no Workman can imitate.

The Strata, or Veins of Coals in Coalpits are numerous, and their Order, Qualities, Sfc. different in different Places. See Strata, and Vein.

In thofe at (Dudley in Staffbrdjbire, the Strata, below the Turf, two or three Clays, a grey Stone, and a hard grey Rock, are exprefs'd in the P>hilofopbical TranfaBions to be ift, Coal, called Bench-Coal; 2d, Slipper-Coal, lefs black and filming than the former ; 3d, Spin-Coal, more black and fhining ; 4th, Stone-Coal, much like Carnal-Coal.

Thefe Strata have between each of 'em a Bat, or Bed, of a peculiar fort of Matter, about the thicknefs of a Crown- Piece, Below thefe are divers metalline Strata ; as a black Subftance call'd the (Dim-row hat ; a grey Iron Ore, call'd the tDun-roin Tron-ftone ; a bluifh Bat, call'd White- row; a blackifti Iron Ore, call'd White-row grams, or Iron-ftone ; a grey Iron Ore, call'd Mid-row grains ; a black foftil Subftance,call'd the Guhling hat ; a black Iron Ore, call'd fSublin Iron-fto?te ; a dark grey Iron Ore, call'd Rubble Irou-jlone : the 'Table Bats.

Then, 5, comes a coarfe fort of Coal, call'd Foot-Coal; a black brittle Bat: dth, the Heathen Coal; 7th, a Subftance like coarfe Coal 5 tho call'd a Bat, becaufe it does not burn well ; And 8th, Bench-Coal

SmalhCo&h is prepar'd from the Spray, and Brufh Wood, ftripp'd off from the Branches of Coppice Wood ; fome- times bound in Bavins for that purpofe, and fometimes pre- par'd without binding.

The Wood they difpofe on a level Floor, andfettinga Portion of it on fire, throw on more and more, as faft as it kindles ; whence arifes a fudden blaze, till all be burnt that was near the Place. As foon as all the Wood is thrown on, they call Water on the Heap, from a large Diftt, or Scoop; and thus keep plying the Heap of glowing Coals, which flops the Fury of the Fire, while with a Rake they fpread it open, and turn it with Shovels till no more Fire appears. When cold, they are put up into Sacks for ufe.

Cbar-co&iL, fee its Preparation under Charcoal.

COALITION, the reunion, or growing together of Parts before fcparated. In this Senfe, the Word is us'd both in a Phyfical and a Moral Senfe.

COAST, a Sea-ihore, or the Country adjoining to the Edge of the Sea. See Sea, ££?c

COASTING, that Part of Navigation, wherein the Places affign'd are not far diftant ; fo that a Ship may fail in iight of the Land, or within founding, between the Places.

Such are the Voyages on the Narrow, or BritiJJj Seas, between England, Holland, and France ; alfo thofe about the Britifc Seas, and in the Mediterranean, &c.

For the Performance hereof, there is only requir'd good knowledge of the Land, the Ufe of the Compafs, and of the Lead, or Sounding-Line. See Compass, Sounding, &C

CoASTiNG,;in Agriculture, &c. the tranfplantingof aTree, and placing it in the fame Situation, with refpect to Eafi, Weft, North, £«V. as it ftood in before. See Planting, and Transplanting.

COAT of Arms, in Heraldry, a Cloke, or Habit bore by the antient Knights over their Arms, both in War, and at Tournaments ; and ftill bore by the Heralds at Arms. See Arms, Herald, $§c.

It was a kind of Jacket, reaching only as low as the Na- vel ; open at the Sides, with ihort Sleeves ; fometimes furr'd with Ermins and Vair, whereon were apply'd the Ar- mories of the Knight, embroider'd in Gold and Silver, ana enamell'd with Colours of beaten Tin, colour'd black, green, red, and blue : whence the Rule, never to apply Colour on Colour, nor Metal on Metal. —,