Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/394

 C LO

CLO

It may be obferv'd, that the mote the Threads of the Woof are ttruck againft each other, the clofer the- CMb is : hence it becomes enabled to fuftain the Violence of the Ful- ling-Mill, as well as of the Teazel, or Fulling- Thittle, with- out fretting or opening.

The Weavers having continu'd their Work till the whole Warp is fill'd with Woof," the Cloth is finifh'd : 'Tis taken off the Loom, by unrolling it from the Beam whereon it had been roll'd, in proportion as it was wove; and now given to be clear'd of the Knots, ends of Thread, Straws, and other Filth ; which is done with little Iron Pinchers.

In this Condition 'tis carried to the Fullery, to be icour d with Urine, or a kind of glaz'd Earth well clean'd and tteep d in Water, put along with the Cloth in the Trough, where- in it is fulled.

The Cloth being again clear'd from the Earth, or Urine, by warning it in Water, is return'd to the former Hands, to have rhe letter Filth, fmall Straws, and almoft impercepti- ble Knots taken off as before : then 'tis return'd to the Fuller, to be beat, and full'd with hot Watet, wherein five or fix Pounds'of Soap have been'diffolv'd. The Soap mod cileem d is the white, efpecially that of Genoa. After fulling an Hour and a half, 'tis taken out to be fmoorh'd, i. e. to be pulfd by the Lifts lengthwife, to take out the Wtinkles and Cteafes occafion'd by the Force of the Mallets, or Peftles falling on the Cloth when in the Troughs.

The Smoothing is repeated every two Hours, till the Full- ing be finifh'd, and the Cloth brought to its proper Breadth: after which, it is wafh'd in clear Water, to purge it of the Soap, and given, all wet, to the Carders, to raife the Hair, or Nap, on the right Side, with the Thiftle, or Weed ; where- with they give it two courfes, the firtt again the Grain, from Tail to Head ; the fecond with the Gtain, ftom Head to Tail.

The Cloth being dry'd after this Preparation, the Sheer- man takes it, and gives it its firft cur, or (heering.

This done, the Carders refume it, and after wetting it, give it as many more courfes with the Weed as the quality of the Stuff requires : always obferving ro begin againft the Hair, and to end with it ; and to begin with a imoother Weed, ptoceeding Dill to a fharper and (harper, as far as the fixth degree.

. After this, the Cloth being dry'd, is return'd to the Sheet- man, who fheers it a fecond time, and returns it to the Car- der ; who wetting it, gives it as many courles as he thinks fit, dries it, and gives'it back again to the Sheerman ; who after fheering it the third and laft time, returns it to the Carders, who repeat their Operation as before, till the Hair, or Nap, be well rang'd on the Surface of the Cloth, from one end of the Piece to the other.

It mutt be obfetv'd, that 'tis indifpenfibly neceffary the Cloth be wet, while in the Carders hands ; in order to which, 'tis fprinkled from time to time with Water.

The Nap finifh'd, and the Cloth dry'd, the Sheerman gives it as many cuts as he thinks requifite for the Perfection of the Stuff" It mutt alfo be obfetv'd, that all the Sheetings mutt be on the right Side, except the two latt, which mutt be on the other ; and that the Cloth can't be too dry for Sheering.

The Cloth thus wove, fulled, tiafd, and Jljom, is fent to the Dyer. See Dying.

When dy'd, 'tis wafh'd in fair Water, and the Sheerman takes it again, wet as it is, lays the Hair, or Nap, with a Brufh on a Table, and hangs it on the Tenters ; where it is ftrctch'd both in length and breadth, enough to fmooth it, fet it fquare, and bring it to its proper Diiuenfions, without Draining it too much ; obferving ro brufh. it afrefh, the way of the Hair, while yer a little moitt on the Tenter.

When quite dry, the Cloth is taken off from rhe Tenter, and brufh'd again on the Table, to finifh the laying of the Hair : J Tis then folded, and laid cold under a Prefs, to make it perfectly fmooth and even, and to give it a little Luttre.

The Luttre is given by laying a Leaf of Vellom, or fine Pattboard in each Plait oi' the Piece 5 and over the whole a fquare Plank of Wood : on which, by means of a Lever, the Screw of the Prefs is brought down, with the degree of Force judg'd neceffary, with regard to the Quality of the Cloth.

There are none but Scarlets, Greens, Blues, cifc. which receive this latt Preparation ; Blacks needing it not.

Laftly, the Cloth being taken out of the Prefs, and the Paft- boards remov'd ; it is in a condition for Sale or Ufe.

For the Manufacture of mix'd Cloths, or thofe wherein the Wools are firltdy'd, then mix'd, fpun, and wove of the Colours intended ; the Procefs, excepr in what relates to the Colour, is moftly the fame with that jult fpoke of.

The Method of adjutting the Mixture, is by firft making a Felt of the Colours of the intended Cloth, as a Specimen: The Wool of each Colout is weigh'd, and when the Speci- men is to the Manufacturer's Mind, he mixes, for ule, a Quantity in the fame proportion ; eftimating each Grain of the Specimen at 20 Pounds weight of the fame Wool in the Cloth to be made.

( 2 4° )

Thus, if he would mix three Colours, v.g. Coffee Colour, Feuillemort, and pale Blue, the firft to be the prevailing Co- lour 5 he weighs a Quantity of each : for inftance, 70 Gtains of the firfl, 25 of the fecond, and 20 ot the third; then multiplies each by 20 Pounds of Wool ; and thus gains i 400 Pounds for the Coffee Wool; 500 Pounds for the Fcuillcmort, and 400 for the pale Blue.

The Wools of the Specimen thus weigh d, are mix'd, oil'd, carded, moitten'd with clear Water, tubb'd with black Soap, and in this ftate wrought a long time in the Hands ; till being perfectly full'd, they are redue'd into a piece of Felt, like that us'd by Hatters.

"Tis then rinlcd in Water, to purge out the Oil and Soap ; and when dty, the Hait, or Map is carded out with the Weed ; then fhorn once again, till the Ground appear, and the feveral Colours be dil'coverable.

Lattly, wetting it a little, and preffing ir, he examines it well, and if he be not contented with it, makes another Felt'- if he be, he proceeds to mix his Wools : when mix'd, 'tis beat on Hurdles, clean'd, oil'd, carded, fpun, wove, {ft. as in white Cloth.

Incombuftible Cloth. See Linum Incmbttftibtle.

CLOUD, in Phyfiology, a Collection of condens'd Va- pour. See Vapour.

A Cloud is a Congeries of watery Particles, or I eficuU rais'd from the Waters or watery parts of the Earth, by the folar, or fubtetraneous Heat, or both ; which at their firft rife from our Globe, are too minute to be perceiv'd ; but as they mount, meeting with agteater degree of cold, are condens'd, and render 'd opaque by the reunion of their Parts ; io as to re- flect Light, and become vifible. See Condensation.

The manner wherein Vapours are rais'd into Clouds may be conceiv'd thus : -,,,',/■/•

Fire being of a light, agil Nature, cafily breaks loolc trom Bodies wherein 'tis detain'd : For the manner whereof, fee Boiling. .

Now, by reafon of the exceeding fmallnefs of the Parti- cles of Fire, their attractive Force mutt be exceeding great : hence, in their Afcent thro' fluid Bodies, part of the Fluid- will cling around them, and mount up together with them, in fotm of Veficles of Water replete with Particles of Fire; which Veficles are what we call l/ r apur. See Fire, and Vapour.

Further, this Vapour being fpecifically lighter than Air, mounts in it, till having reach'd fuch a Region of the At- mofphere as is of the fame fpecific Gravity with themfelves, they will befufpended; till the watery Veficles, which were at fitft too thin to be perceiv'd, being now condens'd by the Cold of the fuperior Regions ; and rheir included igneous Particles extinct, or at leatt driven into a lefs compals, and confequently the Patts fet clofer together ; their Denfity is firtt augmented fo as to render 'em opaque enough to reflect the Sun's Light, and become vifible ; and their fpecific Gra- vity increas'd, fo as ro make 'em defcend : in the former State they are called Clouds ; and in the latter, when they arrive at us, Rain. See Rain ; fee alfo Barometer.

Clouds, befide their ufe when they defcend in Rain, are likewife of ufe while fufpended in the Atmofphere ; as they help to mitigate the exceflive Heat of the Torrid Zone, and fcreenitfromthe Beams of the Sun, efpecially when in his Zenith.

CLOVE, an.aromatic Fruit, bore on a Tree of the fame Name ; by the Latins alfo called Caryophillum. See Spice.

This Tree was antiently very common in the Molucca Iflands ; where all the European Nations, who traffick in Spices to the Indies, furnifh'd themfelves with what quan- tity of Cloves they requir'd. At prefent there are.fcarce any found but in the Ifland of female : the 'Dutch, in order to render themfelves Matters of that Metchandife, having dug up the Clove- Trees of the Moluccas, and tranfplanted them to T'ernate ; fo that there are none now to be had but thro' their Hands.

The Tree is very large ; it only bears Fruit once in eight Years, but holds, at this rate, an hundred. Its Bark refem- bles that of the Olive-Tree, and its Leaves thofe of the Laurel : Its Fruit falling, takes roor, and thus multiplies of it felf without any culture. 'Tis faid, it will not allow any other Herb or Tree near it; its exceflive heat drawing to it all the Humidity of the Soil.

When the Clove firft begins to appear, it is of a greemfh white ; as it ripens it grows brown : Nor is there any Pre- paration neceflary in order to render it iuch as it comes to us, but to dty it in the Sun ; whatever fome Authors talk of firft fteepingit in Sea- Water, ro preferve it from Worms.

The Fruit is fomewhat inform of a Nail; whence the Term Clove, from rhe French Clou, Nail.

Towards the Head it feparates into four ; the four Quar- ters being made angle-wife, and their Apices meeting at the top, form a kind of Crown, fomewhat in the antique manner.

They mull be chofen dry, brittle, Diarp to the Touch, well grown, of a dulky red Colour; a hot aromatic Ttrte, an agreeable Smell, .and, if pofliblc, with the Full, or Button. 1 Th*