Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/386

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His Office is to matfhal, and difpofe of the Funerals of all the lower Nobility ; as Baronets, Knights, Efqultes, and Gentlemen on the South fide of 'Trent : whence he is alio call'd Surrey, or South-Roy, in contradiftinaion to Norroy. Sec Norroy. t

CLARET, orCLAIRET, Tale red, a Name the French give to fuch of their red Wines as are not of a deep, or high Colour. See Wine. , r

The Word is a Diminutive of clair, clear, bright, trani- parent. \

Claret, Clareta, In the antient Pharmacy, was a kind of Wine impregnated with Aromatics ; fometimes alio called Hippocras, or Vinum Hippocraticum ; becaufe fup- pos'd to have been firft prefcrib'd by Hippocrates.

It has its Name Claret, from its being darify'd by Perco- lation thro' a Wine-Sack, or Bag, call'd Hippocrates'* Sleeve.

CLARICORD, or Manichord, a Mufical Inftrument, in form of a Spinett. See Spinett.

It has 49 or 50 Stops, and 70 Strings, which bear on five Bridges ; the firft whereof is the higheft, the reft diminilh. ing in proportion. Some of the Strings are in Unifon ; their Number being greater than that of the Stops.

There are feveral little Mortaifes for pafling the Jacks, arm'd with little Brafs Hooks, which flop and raife the Chords in lieu of the Feather us'd in Virginals and Spinetts. But what diftinguifhes it moft, is, that the Chords are co- ■ver'd with pieces of Cloth, which render the Sound the fwectcr ; and deaden it lb, as that it can't be heard to any conliderable diftance.

Hence fome call it the dumh Spinett; whence it comes to be particularly in ufe among the Nuns, who learn to play, and are unwilling to difturb the Silence of the Dormitory.

The Claricord is more antient than either the Spinett or Harpficord ; as is obferv'd by Scaliger, who only gives it 5 5 Chords.

CLARIFICATION, inChymiftry, the Aft of clearing, or fining of Liquors from their groffer Parts. See Refining.

Clarification is perform'd by Ebullition, Defpumation, and Colature or Filtration.

The Term is chiefly apply'd to Juices,Deco£tions and Syrups, which are darify'd by Filtration, or by pafling 'em thro' a Strainer.after having beat them up into a Froth with theWhites of Eggs ; the vifcous Parts of the Eggs intangling the thick grofs Patticles of the Liquor, retain them in the Strainer. See Filtration.

Sometimes the Mixture is boil'd ; by which means, the Eggs inrangle the groffer Parts, and carry them up to the Top in a tough Scum ; which is either taken off with a Spoon, or feparated by a Flannel Bag, as before, call'd Hip- fecrates's Sleeve. See Despumation.

Another Method is, by letting the Liquor ftand in a con- venient Veffel, till the groffer Particles fettle.

In diftill'd Waters, ££c. which have a milky hue, or are turbid, it is generally effected with fine Sugar, mix'd with a fmall quantity of Allum ; which will bear down the oily Parts, and leave the reft clear. See Depuration.

Many Liquors are darify'd by pafling them thro' a thick brown Paper ; among others, Hippocras, Hydromel, &c. See Hyoromel, Zyc.

Fine and delicate Wines are ufually darify'd with Fifh- Glue : The thicker Wines with Omelette, or whites of Eggs diluted in Water. Sometimes with pouring them thro' a heap of little Chips. See Wine.

'Tis an Etror to fuppofe that Fifh-Glue, or Omelette, can be prejudicial to the Health ; fince both the one and the other tall down with the Lees, without producing any ill Effect. That which makes Wines unwholefom, is not the clarifying by thefe innocent means, but the Mixtutes and So- phiftications of the Vintners, to make 'em brifk, and bring them to life again after the Fret ; which is done with Aqua vit.-e, Spices, Pidgeons Dung, £fc

The Antients clarify' d their Wines by pouring them from off the Lees, into another Barrel, thto' a Tin Strainer.

Sugar is darify'd with theWhites of Eggs and Sugar beat together. See Sugar.

'CLARIGATIO, or CLARIGATION, in the Law of Nations, a loud, clear Call, or Summons made to an Enemy, to demand Satisfaction for fome Injury receiv'd ; in defect whereof, recourfe will be had to Reprifals.

Clarigatio is the fame with what the Greeks call dyf&KH- 4'«. See AnbrolepsiA..

Nauda ufes the Woid in a fomewhat different manner. ' Reprifals, fays he, fignify the fame as pignorationes Su- ' d<eo, aut Clarigationcs Hermolao .- For, as to the Greek ' Word Androlepfia, it is equivalent to the Latin pgno- ' randi poteflas.

CLARION.a kind of Trumpet, whofe Tube isnarrower, and its Tone acuter and ihriller than the common Trumpet. See Trumpet.

Nicod fays, the Clarion, as now us'd among the Moors, and 'Portuguese who borrow'd it from the Moors, ferv'd an- tiently for a Treble to feveral Trumpets, which founded

Tenor and Bafs. He adds, that it was only us'd among the Cavalry and the Marines.

Menage derives the Word from the Italian Clarion, of the Latin Clarus, by reafon of the Clearnefs of its Sound.

Clarion, in Heraldry, is a Beating of this Figure. He bears Ruby three Clarions Topaz; being the Arms of the Earlof Bath by the Name of Greenvile.

Guillim takes thefe Clarions to be a kind of old-fafhion'd Trumpet ; but others ra- ther think, they reprefent the Rudder of a Ship ; others a Reft for a Lance.

CLARO OBSCURO. See Clair-Obscure.

CLASPERS, in Botany, ate Tendrels, Threads, or Li- gaments of a middle Nature between that of a Root and Trunk; whereby Shrubs, and other Plants, take hold of Tree?, or other things near 'em, for their Support, i$c.

The Wifdom of the Creator is very confpicuous, in this Provifion for fome Species of Plants, which need it ; as Ivy, Vines, Briony, i$c.

The Contrivance is various in vatious Subjects. Malpighi obferves, that the Clafpers of Ivy are roundifh, and cover'd with Hair ; and what is very remarkable, they yield a glu- tinous Teribinthine Humor, by means whereof rhey adhere clofely to Stones, t$c. Nature, he adds, ufes nolefs Attifice in the Vitis Canadenfis.

Clafpers ferve fomesimes for Support only ; as thofe of the Vine, Briony, &c. whofe Branches being long, flender, and brittle, would be weigh'd down by their own load, and that of thei't Fruit ; but for thefe Clafpers, which by a natural Spire, or Circumvolution, catch hold of any adjacent body.

Clafpers fometimes alfo ferve for a Supply of Juice ; as in the Trunk-Roots of Ivy, which being a tall Plant, and of a compact Subftance, the Sap would not be futficiently fur- nifli'd to the upper Sprouts without this Expedient.

Clafpers alfo fometimes ferve for Stabiliment, as thofe of Cucumbers ; for Propagation, as thofe of Camomile ; ami for Shade, Stabiliment, and Propagation all together, as thofe of Strawberries.

CLASS, or CLASSIS, a diftribution of Perfons, or Things, arranged them according to their Merir, Value, or Nature.

The Wotd comes from the Latin ClaJJis, of the Greek y^hia, congrego, convoco ; a Clafs being nothing but a multi- tude, affembled apart.

Class, Classis, in Antiquity. See Classic.

Class is particularly us'd for a Diftinffion among Scholars ; who are difttibuted into feveral Clajfes, or Forms, accord- ing to their Capacities and Attainments.

giiintilian ufes the Word Clajfis in this Senfe in the ill Book of his Injliuitiones.

CLASSIC, CLASSICAL, a Term feldom us'd but for Authors read in the Clajfes, at Schools, and who are in great Authotity there. See School.

Aquinas, and the Mafter of the Sentences are ClaJJic Au- thors in the School Divinity ; Arifiotle, in Philofophy ; Cicero and Virgil in the Humanities. Aulas Gellius ranks among Claffic Authors, Cicero, C<efar, Salaft, Virgil, Horace, &c.

The Term Teems properly applicable only to Authors who liv'd in the Time of the Republic and the Auguftan Age, when the Latin was in its Perfection. It appears to have taken its rife hence, that an Eftimate of evety Petfon's Eftate being appointed by Servius Tullius, he divided the Roman People into fix Bands, which he called Clajfes.

The Eftate of thofe of the firft Claffis was not to be under 200 Pounds : And thefe, by way of Eminence, were call'd Claffics, Claffici. Hence, Authots of the firft Rank came to be call'd Claffics : all the reft were faid to be infra Claffem.

The fitft Claffis, again, was fubdivided into Centuries ; making fourfcore Centuries of Footmen, and eighteen of Horfemen. See Century.

Each Clajfis confifted, one half of the younger fort, who were to make War abroad ; and the other of old Men, who ftaid at home for the Defence of the City.

CLAVICULjE, Channel "Bones, in Anatomy, two fmall Bones, fituate at the Bafis of the Neck, and atop of the Bteaft. See Neck, Thorax, &c.

They are about half a Foot long, of the thicknefs of a Finger, and a little bent at each end, and that different ways, fomewhat like the Letter S ; and are thus call'd, as being the Keys, or Claves of the Thorax.

Their inner Subftance is fpongy ; whence they are brittle, eafily btoke, and eafily coalefcing again.

They are join'd to the Acromium of the Scapula per Syn~ chondrofin ; and on the Forepart, per Arthrodiam, ro a Si- nus on each fide of the Upper-part of the Sternum.

Their Ufe is, to fix the Scapults with the Sternum and the Arms, and to prevent 'em from flipping too forward up- on the Thorax. .

CLAVIS, a Latin Word, fometimes us'd in Englifo Wri- ters for a Key. See Key.

CLAUSE, an Article, or particular Stipulation in a U>n- traft ; a Charge, or Condition in a Teftament, l£c.

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