Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/385

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«nc : Hence, its Effefls mutt be different in Colour, and in Force; according to the Difpofitionsof Bodies. Deepenings, which admit not of any Lighr, or Reflex, mutt never meet on the Relievo of any Member of any great elevated Part ; but in the Cavities or Joints of Bodies, the Folds of Draperies, &c. And to find Occafions for introducing great Shadows, to ferve for the Rcpoie of the Sight, and the loofening of Things ; inftead of many littie Shadows, which have a pittiful Eflect.

For the id, The Shadows made by Bodies, are either in plain and fmooth Places, or on the Earth ; wherein they are deeper than the Bodies that occafion 'em, as receiving lefs reflex Light ; yet flill diminiih as they depart further from their Caufe ; or on the neighbouring Bodies, where they are to follow the Form of the kid Bodies, according to its Magnitude and its Poiition, with regard to the Light.

For the jd, In Shadows that have Parts, the Painter mutt obferve to take for a Ligl\t in a fhadow'd Place, the Teint, or Lufire of the light Part ; and, on the contrary, for the Shadow in the lighten'd Part, the Teint, or Lufire in the Shadow : To make an agreeable AfTemblage of Colour, Sha- dow, and Reflex in the Ihadow'd Part ; but without inter- rupting the grear Maffes of Shadows : To avoid forming little Things in the Shadow ; as not being perceiv'd, unlets ciofely look'd at ; and to work, as it were, in the general, and at one fight : Never to fet the fi rong Shadows againtt the Lights, without foftening the harlh Contraftby the help of fome intermediate Colour: tho the Mafs of Light may be plac'd either before or behind that of the Shadow ; vet ought it to be fo difpos'd, as to illumine the principal Parts of the Subjca.

For the 4th, The Effefls of Shadows are different, as the Place is either wide and fpacious ; as in thofe coming imme- diately from the Sun, which are very fenfible, and their Ex- tremes pretty abrup: ; from the ferene Air, which are fainter and more fweet ; from the dark Air, which appear more diffus'd, and almoft imperceptible ; and thoft from an arti- ficial Light, which makes the Shadow deep, and their Edges abrupt : or as it is more narrow and confin'd, where the Lights coming from the fame Place ; make the Shadow more ilrong, and the reflex Icfs fenfible. See Colouring.

Clair Obscure, Chiaro Scuro, is alfo us'd for a De- fign confitting only of two Colours ; ordinarily black and white, fometimes black and yellow. Sec Camieux.

Or, it is a Defign only wafh'd with one Colour ; the Sha- dows being of a duflcy brown Colour, and the Lights height- enM up with white.

The Word is alfo apply'd to Prints of two Colours, taken off at twice ; whereof there are Volumes in the Cabinets of the Curious in Prints.

The Word Clair-Obfaire is a compound of two others. Clair is us'd among the French for thole Parts of a Painting which reflefl the moll Light ; and comprehends not only the Lights thcmfelves, but alfo thofe Colours that are luminous. By Otfcure, is meant not only all the Shades, but alfo all the Colours that are dufky. See Colour.

CLAMEA admittenda in itinere fer Atturnatttm, is a Writ whereby the King commands the Jufiice in Eyre to admit ones Claim by an Attorney, who being employ'd in the King's Service, c;'nnot come in Perfon.

CLAMOR, or CLAMEUR de Ha.ro, a popular Term in the French Laws, importing a Complaint, or Cry, whereby any one implores the Afliilance of Juftice againtt the Op- preflion of another. See Haro.

"Dtt Moulin calls it §>iiiri ratio Normanncrum. The Ha- ro has the fame Force with the Interdict Retinend£ pojfef- Jionis. The Perfon on whom the Haro is cry'd, is oblig'd to ceafe his Enterprife, and the Crier leads him before the Judge; where each gives Security, the one to purfue the Haro, the other to defend it.

In the mean time, the Thing in difpute is fequefler'd into the hands of a third Perfon. Nor can the Judge annul the Clamour de Haro, without a Mulct.

This Cuflom has prevail'd in Normandy, fince the Con- queft of Raoul, or Rou. tbu Moulin fays, the Word Haro is form'd of Hal Rou ; the Cry whereby they invok'd that Prince.

CLAMP, in a Ship, a piece of Timber apply'd to a Matt, or Yard, to. ttrengthen it, and prevent the Wood from burfting. See Mast.

Clamp is alfo a little piece of Wood, in form of a Wheel, us'd inttead of a Pulley in a Mortice.

Clamp -Nails, are fuch Nails as are us'd to fatten on Clamp, in building and repairing of Ships. See Nails.

CLAMPING, in Joinery, S?c. when a piece of Board is fitted with the Grain to the End of another piece of Board crofs the Grain ; the firft Board is faid to be clamp'd.

Thus the Ends of Tables are commonly clamfd, to pre- serve them from warping

CLANCULARIF.S, CLANCULARII, a Scfl of Ana- baptifts, who deny'd the Neceflity of making any open Pro- feflion of the Faith ; and taught that a private one would be fuifkient. See Anabaptist.

Thefe were alfo call d Hormlaries, and Gardners, from

^t .xxAfe,^ t0 aflemble in. inft^d of Churches.

LLiNDhillNb, any thing done fecretly, and without the Knowledge of fome of the Parties interetttd in it ; or without the proper Solemnities.

Thus, a Marriage is faid to be Cla.ndefl.ine, when per- form'd without the Publication of Banns, the Content of Pa- rents, or the Knowledge of the Ordinary. See Marriage.

The Council of Trent, and the French Ordonnances an- nul all clandestine Marriages.

The Word comes from the Prepofition Clam, of »A«'«, claudo, I (hut, or aAiu^.a, fitrtum, theft.

CLAP, in Medicine, the firft Stage, or State of the Ve- nereal Dileafe ; call'd alfo a Gonorrhea. See. Venereal ■Difeafe, and Gonorrhea.

Dr. Cockbum, and others after him, will have the Clap to confitt in an Ulceration of the Mouths of the Glands of the Urethra in Men, and of the Glandnla Lacuna in Wo- men, occafion'd by the Infinuation of an acrimonious, puru- lent Matter, contrafled from an infefled Perfon in Mu Coitus.

From thefe Glands, iflues, or gleets a /harp, corrofive Matter, accompany'd with heat of Urine, Cordee, &c. which makes what is ufually term'd the firtt Stage of the Diflem- per. See Cor dee, c5c.

A Cap appears fometimes fooner, and other times later, tho generally ir. about three or four Days after the Infeftion is receiv'd ; and difcovers it felf by the running, CiJc. of the Penis, with Inflammation of the G?.ns, or Nut of the lard.

If the Perfon be affefled with a 'Phymofis, or •Parafibymo- fis ; if the running be of a thin Confidence, a yeflow or green Colour, and in great Quantity, and the Tediclesfwell'd, 'tis ufually term'd a Gonorrhoea Vtrulenta ; and the Clap fuppos'd to be in its fecond Stage. See Phimosis, &C.

Some Authors think, that in this Degree, or Stage, the Infection has reach'd the Mafs of B'ood, and the Vcficnlte Semmales : others infift, that the Symptoms may be ac- counted for from the Running, or Virus, being more corro- five ; and by that means irritating and inflaming the adja- cent Parts.

The Cure of a Clap confifts in proper Evacuations, as Calomel Purgatives, Refrigerant-Emulfions, Pouders, igc. Turbeth - Erneticks, and laflly, proper Terebinths, i$c. to which fome add Decoctions of the Lignum Vit£, &c. As to Externals, they are generally comprehended under the form of 7 omentations, Catapisfms, Liniments, and Lotions.

Late Authors, and efpecially Dr. Cockiurn, have infilted on the Cure of a clap by a particular Injection, without the ufe of any other Medicine.

This has given a Handle to Quacks, who, by affecting to do the fame by their Injeflions, generally check the Run- ning, and make a confirm'd Pox.

Turbeth-Mineral, Calomel, {fjc. given in fmall Dofes, and continu'd for fome time, fo as to take effi-a by way of Alte- ratives, have been lately much commended as to Succefs. Mercurial Unguents, us'd in fmall Quantities, fo as not to raife a Salivation, is faid to cure all the Stages of the Vene- real Difeafe : This Praflice is ufual in Moatpelier, &c. See Salivation, Mercury, ££?f.

Mr. Secket, in the Thilofiphical TranfatTions, attempts to fhew, that the Difeafe we now call a Clap, is the fame with that our Forefathers call'd a Burning, or Srennine: ■ under which Name it was known fcveral hundred Tears be- fore the commonly fuppos'd Origin of rhe Venereal Difeafe • and that the Appellation 'Brcnning, Sic. was only difconti! nu d as that of Clap commene'd.

In a MS. as old 'as Henry IV. Jrden, Chirurgeon to that Prince, defines Brenning to be a certain inward Heat and Excoriation ot the Urethra; which, Mr. Secket obferves, gives us a perfect Idea of what we now call a Clap. For frequent Difleftions of fuch as have labour'd under that Dif- eafe, have made it evident, that the Urethra is excoriated by the Virulency of the Matter they receive from the infefted Woman: Which Excoriation, or Ulceration, he adds, is not confin'd to the Oftiola, or Mouths of the mucous Glands of the Urethra, as has been lately imagin'd : but may equally attack any Part of the Urethra.

The heat, or burning which fuch Perfons feel in making water, is a Confequence of this Excoriation of the Urethra^ the Salts contain'd in the Urine pricking and irritating the nervous Fibrillin of the Urine, thus divefted of its natural Membrane. See Burning.

CLARENCIEUX, the fecond King at Arms; thus call'd from the Duke of Clarence, to whom he firtt belong'd. See King at Anns.

Lionel, third Son of Edward III. having by his Wife the Honour of Clare in rhe County of T'homond, was hereupon created Duke of Clarence ; which Dukedom afterwards efcheating to EdzmrdlV. he m«de this Herald, who pro- perly belong'd to the Duke, a King at Arms ; naming him Clarencieux in French, and Clarencms in Latin. See He- ralb.

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