Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/383

 C I v.

relates an Inftance of two Perfons, prcferv'd fafe from the mod dangerous Afpics, by eating a Citron.

The Diftillers, Perfumers, Confectioners, t£c. procure di- vers things from Citrons ; as Effences, Oils, Confections Waters, c£c. CiTROK-Water. See Citron- Water. CiTROx-Sautal. See Santal.

CIT¥, a large Town, inclos'd with a Wall. See Town.

'Tis hard to give any juft Definition of a City ; in regard,

Cultom has referv'd the Appellation of Towns, to fo many

Places which feem to have every thing requifite to conftitute

a City.

Formerly, City was only underftood of fuch Towns as were BifliopsSees: which Diftinclion feems Hill to hold in Eng- land ; tho no where elfe. See See.

City is particularly us'd to exprefs the Heart of the Place. At 'Paris they have the City and the Univerfity ; at Lon- don we have the City and the Suburbs.

The Term City had its rife among us, fince the Conqueft ; for in the Time of the Saxons there were no Cities, but all great Towns were called "Burghs : Thus, London was call'd Lunden Burgh. See Burgh.

And for a long time after the Conqueft, City and 'Burgh were us'd promifcuouily .- thus, in the Charter of Leicefter, that Place is called both Civitas and Burgus ; which fhews a Mifiake in my Lord Coke, where he tells us, that every City was, or is a Bi/hop's See. Nor had Gbcefler anyBifhop then ; tho 'tis call'd a City in Dome's-Day. The like may be ob- ferv'd of Cambridge; to which it may be added, that Cromp- Wi, reckoning up our Cities, leaves out Ely, tho it had a Biihop and a Cathedral.

Yet Cajfanteus, de Confuetud. Surgund. fays, France has within its Territories 104 Cities ; and gives his Reafon, be- caufe it has fo many Archbifhops and Bi/hops.

City, Civitas, in fpeaking of Antiquity, fignifies a State, or People, with all its Dependencies, conitituting a particular Republic ; fuch as are, ftill, fevcral Cities of the Empire, and the Swifs Cantons.

Tho the antient Gauls were, in effect, only one Na- tion ; they were yet divided into feveral Peoples, which form'd as many different States : or, to fpeak with Ccefar, as many different Civitates, Cities. Befides that each City had its particular Affemblies, it fent Deputies, too, from time to time, to the general AffembJics, held on AfFa: to their common Intereft.

C 229 )

c 1 v

i whitifli

relating

Auguftus, upon numbring the Roman Citizens, found they amounted to 4. Millions, 137000. See Enumeration.

To make a good Roman Citizen, there were three things requir'd : that he were an Inhabitant of Rome ; that he were inroU'd in one of the 35 Tribes ; and that he were ca- pable of Dignities. Thofe to whom were granted the Rights and Privileges of Roman Citizens, were properly only Hono- rary Citizens.

The feventh Law, de Incolis, makes a great deal of dif- ference between a Citizen and a mere Inhabitant. Birth, alone, made a Citizen ; and entitled to all the Privileges of" Burgefy : Time could not acquire it; but the Emperor cou'd bellow it.

The Word comes from the Latin Civis ; which Authors derive from CO'O, by Reafon the Citizens live together : or rather from Cieo, I call together.

CIVET, a kind of Perfume, bearing the Name of the Animal whence it is taken. See Perfume.

The Civet, or Civet-Cat, is a little Animal, refembling our Cat ; excepting that his Snout is more pointed, his Claws lefs dangerous, and his cry different.

The Perfume this Animal produces, is form'd like a kind of Greafe, or thick Scum, in an Aperture, or Bag, under his Tail. 'Tis gather'd from time to time; and fiill abounds, in proportion as the Animal is fed.

There is a very conliderable Traffic of Civet, from Saffo- ra, Calicut, and other Places, where the Animal that pro- duces it is found. Tho, part of the Civet among us is fur- nifh'd us by the Dutch ; who bring up a conliderable Num- ber of the Animals.

Before any of thefe Animals were feen in Europe, or it had been obferv'd how the Perfume had been gather'd ; the common Opinion, founded on the Relations of Travellers, was, that it was the Sweat of that Animal, irritated, and kindled into Rage.

To this effect', 'twas faid, that the Animal was inclos'd in an Iron Cage ; and after having been a long time beaten with Rods, they gather'd with a Spoon, thro' the Bars of the Cage, and between the Thighs of the Animal, theSweat or Foam, which the Rage and Agitation had produe'd : and that without this Precaution, the Animal would yield no Pcrlume at all.

But Experience has taught us better; and we now know, that the Perfume Civet, is only a thick unfluous Humour, fe- creted by certain Glands between the two Tunics of the Bag wherein it is amafs'd, under its Tail, beneath the Anus.

from

Civet muff be chofen new, of a good Confidence, Colour, and a ftrong difagreeable Smell

Befides the Indian and'Dittcb Civet, there is alfo a Civet irafil, or Guinea, like that of India ; and an Occi- dental Civet, which bears no refemblance to ir.

Civet is little us'd in Medicine, except in a Thickncfs of Hearing, from Cold; where a Grain or two beiim little Cotton, or Wool, and the fometimes of fervice. Confectioners.

„ put in a Ears ftopp'd therewith, is It is much us'd among Perfumers and

The Word Civet comes from the Arabic Zibet, or Zebe', Scum, Froth.

CIVIC, an Epithet apply'd to a Kind of Crown, made of Uaken Leaves ; antiently beftow'd by the Romans, on thofe who ftvd the Life of a Fellow-Citizen in a Battle, or an Afiault. See Crown.

The Civic Crown was exceedingly efteem'd ; and was even given as an Honour, to Auguftus ; who on this Occafion Itruck Coins w,th this Device, Ob Cives Servatos.

It was alio given to Cicero, after his Difcovery of Cati- line s Conipiracy.

CIVIL in its general Senfe, is fomething that regards the Policy, pubhek Good, or repofe of the Citizens, or Subiefts of a State. See City.

In this Senfe, we fay, Civil Government ; Civil Law; Ci- f;/Righrs; Civil Wir, &c. See Government, &c.

Civil Law, Lex Chilis, is defin'd, in the Inflitutes, to be the Laws peculiar to each City, or each People : but in the modern TJfe, it properly implies the Roman Law, contained in the Intimites, theDigeft, and the Code ; otherwife call'd, the Lex Scripta, or Written Law. See Law

The Roman Law, at its Commencement, was very incon- fiderable. Under the Kings, the People were govern'd by certain Laws, prepar'd by the Senate, pafs'd by the Kings, and confirm'd in an Affembly of the People.

Papirius was the firft who made a Collection of rhe Regal Laws ; which took its Name from its Author, and was call'd Jus Papiriamtm.

The Republic, after abolifhing the Regtl Government, fell retain'd the Royal Laws : To thefe they added the Law of the Twelve Tables ; drawn by the Decemviri, from the Laws of twelve of the principal Cities of Greece ; and the more Equitable among the Laws hitherto practis'd at Rome. See Decemviri.

The Law of rhe Twelve Tables was at length found fo fe- vere, andconceiv'd in fuch obfeure Terms ; that it was judg'd proper to moderate, reftrain, and afcertain ir, by other Laws, propos'd to the Senate by the Confuls, and pafs'd at general Affemblies of the People; according to the Practice that had obtain'd under the Kings themfelves.

In the Yearofittwze 731, the Republic expir'd; and the whole Power of the People was transferr'd to Auguftus, who was contented to publim his new Laws in the Affembly of the People ; to keep up fome Image of the Republic by this Formality.

Tiberius abolifh'd thefe occafional Affemblies, on pre- tence of their being too numerous ; and in lieu thereof prof- f'er'd his Laws to the Senate, who never fail'd to confirm 'em : infomuch that the Laws of Tiberius, and his Succeffors, who kept the fame Meafures with the Senate, were efteem'd Se- natus-Confulta.

Thus arofe two Kinds of Roman Law, with regard to the Changes in the Legiffative Authority : the Law eftablifh'd by the People, Pleblfclta ; and the Laws of the Emperors, or Imperial Laws. See Peebiscita, and Imperial:

During the Time of the Republic, and even under the Emperors, there were Juris-Confulti ; who making publick Profeffion of the Study of the Law, interpreted, were con- fulted on the different Senfes of the Laws, and gave Anfwers to the Queffions propos'd to 'em hereon ; which were call'd Refponfa Trudcntium.

'Papirius was the firft of thefe Juris-Confulti, after the Expulfion of the Kings ; and Modeftmus the laft. See ju- ris-Consulti.

After him, viz. in 240, thefe Oracles of the Roman Jurif- prudence ceafing, out of their Writings, which made no lefs than 2000 Volumes, a Body of the Roman Law was after- wards compil'd, by Order of Juftinian.

The Magiftrates, on their fide, in adminiftring Jufticc, interpreted the Laws with more freedom than even the Ju- ris-Confulti; and were, as it were, the living Voice of the Law. The Emperors too, to render the Interpretations of the Magiftrates lefs free and frequent, appointed, that they themfelves ftiould be confulted ; and their Anfwers expect- ed, as to Queffions in Law, as may be obferv'd from 'Pliny's Epiftles to Trajan. See Rescript.

In proportion as new Laws were made at Rome, care was taken to collect and reduce 'em into Sadies. See Body. 'Papirius, in the. Time of Tarquinius Siiperbus, made a Collection of the Regal Laws. And no fooner was the Re- public eftablifti'd, than the Laws of the Twelve Tables were drawn.

Ooo Ib