Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/374

 C I P

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CI R

Per Ion's Name who firft brought it mtt%W; is the Bark of a Tree rcfembling the Olive Tree, frequent in the I (land of S. Domingo, Guadeloupe and Madagafcar; call'd by the Natives Frmpi. See Cortex.

The Bark, which dries like that of Cinnamon, is at firft grayifti, of a fliarp biting Tafte, like Pepper; and a Smell like Mufk : as it dries it whitens.

Some ufe it in lieu of Nutmeg : In Medicine, it's us'd as a Stomachic, and fometimcs as an Antifcorbutic.

The fame Tree yields a Gum, call'd Alouch, or Sdelli- tim, which is no difagreeable Pesf""*" -

CINQUE-PORTS, or jg«H jrtits, five Havens

that lie on the Eaft Part or* Eu 6 ^ W, towards France; thus call'd, by way of Eminence, on account of their fupe- rior Importance; as having been thought by our Kings to merit a particular regard, for their prefervation againlt In- vasion.

Hence they have a particular Policy, and are govern'd by a Keeper, with the Title of LordfVardenof * the Cinque- 'Ports.

They have various Privileges granted 'em, as a particular Jurisdiction; their Warden having the Authority of an Ad- miral among 'em, and fending out Writs in his own Name. See Warden.

Camden tells us, that William the Conquerorfirft appointed a Warden of the Cinque-Port;>; but King John firft grant- ed them their Privileges; and that upon Condition they fliould provide 80 Ships at their own Charge, for 40 Days, as often as the King mould have occafion in the Wars: he being then rtraitnetl for a Navy to recover Normandy.

The five Ports wzHaflings, Romney, By the, Dover, and Sandwich.

"Thorn tells us, that Haftings provided 21 Veffels; and in each Veffel 21 Men. To this Port belong Seaford, Te- venfey, Hedncy, Winchelfea, Rye, Hamine, Wakcsbourn, Creneth, and Fortholipe.

Romney provided 5 Ships, and in each 24 Men. To this belong Sromhal, Lyde of Marflone,Dangemurcs, and Romential.

Hythe furnifh'd 5 Ships, and in each 21 Seamen : To this belongs Weflmeath.

Dover the fame Number as Haftings : To this belong Folkflon, FeverJJjara, and Margate.

Laftly, Sandwich furnifh'd the fame with Hythe: To this belong Fordivice, Reculver, Serve, and Deal.

CION, or CYON, or SCION, in Gardening, a young Shoot, Sprout, or Sprig, put forth by a Tree. See Shoot.

Grafting is perform a by the Application of the Cion of one Plant upon the Stock of another. See Graft, and Engrafting.

To produce a Stock of Cicns for Grafting, Planting, &c. the Gardeners fometimcs cut off the Bodies of Trees, a little above the Ground, and only leave a Stump or Root Handing : the redundant Sap will not fail next Spring to put forth a great number of Shoots. See Stock.

In dreffing dwarf Trees, a great many GonS are to be cut off. See Dwarf; fee alfo Pruning.

Cion, in Anatomy, is fome times us'd for the Uvula. See Uvula.

CIPHER, or CYPHER, one of the Numeral Charac- ters, or Figures; form'd thus o. See Character, Fi- gure, £J?c.

The Cipher of it felf implies a Privation of Value; but when difpos'd with other Characters on the left thereof, in the common Arithmetic, it ferves to augment each of their Values by ten; and in Decimal Arithmetic, to lefTen the Value of each Figure to the right thereof, in the fame proponion. See Notation, Numeration, and Decimal. Cipher is alfo a kind of myftick Character, compos'd of feveral Letters interwove together; which are ordina- rily the initial Letters of the Perfons Names, for whom the Cipher is intended.

Thefe are frequently us'd on Seals, Coaches, and other Moveables.

Antiently, Merchants and Tradefmen were not allow'd

to bear Arms : in lieu thereof they bore their Ciphers,

■ or the initial Letters of their Names, artfully interwove

about a Crofs 5 ot which we have divers Inftances on

Tombs, £&>,

Cipher is alfo us'd for certain fecret Characters, difguis'd and varied; us'd tor the writing of Letters that contain Secrets, not to be undcrflood by any but thofe between whom the Cipher is agreed on.

This i* now redue'd into a feparate Art, call'd Polygra- phia, and Stegancgraphia; but appears to have been little known to the Antients. See Steganography, &c.

De la Guilletiere, in his La&edemon Antient and Mo- dern, endeavours to make the antient Spartans the Inven- tors of the Art of writing in Cipher.

Their Scytala, accordirg -,o him, was the firft Sketch of this myiterious Art : Thefe Scytalas were two Rollers of Wood, of equal length and thicknefs; one of them kept 2

by the Ephori; the other by the General of the Army, fent on any Expedition againlt the Enemy.

Whenfoever thofe Magiftrates would fend any fecret Or- ders to the General, they took a flip of Parchment, and roll'd itveryjuftly about the Scytala which they had re- fcrv'd; and in this irate wrote their Intentions, which ap- pear'd perfect and confiftent while the Parchment continu'd on the Roller : when taken off, the Writing was maim'd and without connection; but was eafily retriev'd by the General, upon applying it to his Scytala.

'Polyb'ms fays, that JEneas Tafficus, 2000 Years ago, collected together twenty different Manners of Writing fo as not to be underftood by any but thofe in the Se- cret; part whereof were invented by himfelf, and part us'd before his Time.

Trithemius, Sap. <Porta, Vigenere, and <P. Niceron have wrote on the Subject of Ciphers.

As the writing in Cipher is become an Art; fo is the read- ing, or unravelling thereof, call'd Deciphering. See Deci- phering.

A Cipher with a /ingle Key, is that wherein the lame Character is conflantly us'd to exprefs the fame Word, or Letter : This is eafily decipher'd with a little Application. A Cipher with a double Key, is that wherein the Al- phabet, or Key, is chang'd in each Line, or each Word; and wherein are inferted Characters of no fignificancy, to amufe and perplex the Meaning.

The Word Cipher comes from the Hebrew Sifre, Num- ber, Enumeration.

CIPHERING, is. popularly us'd for the Art of Accompt- ing; properly call'd Arithmetic. See Arithmetic.

CIPPUS, among Antiquaries, a little low Column, erec- ted in the great Roads, and other Places, with an Infcrip- tion thereon; either to fhew the Way to Travellers, or to preferve the Memory of fomething remarkable.

The Cippi plac'd in the Highway, for the Convenience of Travellers, were alfo call'd Mi Hi ary Columns. See Mi- liary Column.

Hettinger has an exprefs Treatife of the Cippi of the Jews, De Cippis Hebreeorum; wherein he takes Cippus for the Tomb of a Defunct. See Tomb, and Tumulus.

Cippus was alfo us'd in Antiquity, for a wooden Inftru- ment, wherewith Criminals and Slaves were punifh'd.

CIRCENSES Ztidi, in Antiquity, Circenfian Games, or Games of the Circus, a general Term, under which were comprehended all Combats exhibited in the Roman Circus, of what Kind foever; whether a-foot, or on Horfeback, or in a Car; Wreftling, or Boxing; with Swords, Pikes, Darts, or Arrows; againlt Men, or againlt Beafts; on the Ground, or aboard Veflels. See Games, and Circus.

There were few but Slaves that gave the People this cruel Pleafure : it was an Exercife that would have difgrae'd People of any Account.

Some fay, the Circenfian Games were fo call'd from the Latin Circnitzis; becaufe they were held in a Place incom- pafs'd round with naked Swords, that the Combatants might not have an opportunity of efcaping.

At firft they are laid to have been exhibited on the brink of the River Tyber, and the Ground incompafs'd, to the Landward, with naked Swords.

Molt of the Feafls of the Romans were accompany *d with Circenfian Games; and the Magistrates, or other Of- ficers of the Republick, frequently prefented the People with them on other Occafions. See Feast.

The grand ones were held for five Days, commencing on the 1 5th of September.

CIRCLE, in Geometry, a plane Figure, comprehended under one fingle Line, which returns into it felf; having a Point in the Middle, from which all the Lines drawn to its Circumference are equal. See Centre.

Properly fpeaking, 'tis the Space included within the Circumference, or Periphery, that is the Circle : tho in the popular Ufe of the Word, Circle is frequently us'd for the Periphery alone. See Periphery.

Every Circle is fuppos'd to be divided into 2<Jo Degrees. See Degree 1 fee alfo Chord, Tangent, Diameter, &c.

The Area of a Circle, is found by multiplying the Peri- phery by the fourth Part of the Diameter; or half the Pe- riphery by half the Diameter.

The Area is alfo found by finding a Fourth proportional to 1000,785, and the Square of the Diameter : or, to 45a* 355, and the Square of the Diameter. See Area.

Circles, and fimilar Figures inferib'd in 'em, are always as the Squares of the Diameters': So that they are in a du- plicate Ratio of their Diameters; and therefore of their Radii.

A Circle is equal to a Triangle whofe Bafe is equal to the Periphery, and its Altitude to the Radius. CirclfU therefore, are in a Ratio compounded of the Peripherics and the Radii.

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