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C H I

mer, at 6 Inches diftance from the Back 5 and that no Timber be laid within the Funnel.

. Chimneys are ufually fuppos'd a modern Invention 5 the Anticnts only making ufe of Sroves : But OBavins Ferra- reus endeavours to prove Chimneys in ufe among the An- ticnts, To this End he cites the Authority of Virgil : Et jamfumma promt villarum culmina fumant. And that of Aj'pian, who fays, ' That of thofe Perfons profcrib'd by ' the Triumvirate, fome hid themfelves in Wells, and Clo- 6 aca, Common-ffjores ; fome in the Tops of Houfes, and ' Chimneys ;' for fo he underftands i&mwftif 'Jsro&pUs, Funia- ria fuh tecJo poflta. Add, that Arijlophanes, in one of his Comedies, introduces his old Man, 'Polyeleon, fhut up in a Chamber, whence he endeavours to make his Efcape by the Chimney. However, the few Inftances remaining among the Antientsj together with the Obfcurity of the Rules of Vitruvius on this Head, make us rather conclude the Ufe of Stoves, whereof they had entire Apartments, made 'em neglect this Point of Building, which the Coldnefs of our Climates obliges us to have a principal regard to.

In the Year 1713, appear'd a French Book, entitled, La Mechaniqnc du Petty or The Art of augmenting the Ef- fects, and diminilhing the Expcnce of Fire, by M. Gan- ger $ fince publifh'd in Engl/Jh, by Dr. 1)efaguliers : where- in the Author examines what Difpofition of Chimneys is moll proper to augment the Heat j and proves Geometri- cally, that the Difpofirion of parallel Jambs, with the Back inclin'd, as in the common Chimneys, is lefs fitted for re- flecting Heat into the Room, than parabolical Jambs, with the bottom of the Tablette horizontal.

He gives feven fcveral Conftrudtions of his new Chim- neys^ and the manner of executing them. See Fire.

M. Gauger, however, does not appear to be the firft In- ventor of the Chimney he defcribes ; the Defcription of a like Kind being found in a German Book, printed at Zcip- Jick, in 1699.

The Word Chimney comes from the French Chcminee 5 and that from the Latin Caminata, a Chamber wherein is a Chimney : Caminata, again, comes from Caminus, and that from the Greek j^w©-, a Chimney ^ of ?&ta y uro, I burn.

CHiMNEY-y^/j^r, ate the Sides of a Chimney, ufually {landing out perpendicularly, fometimes circularly, from the Back ; on the Extremities whereof the Mantle-Tree refts. See Jamb.

CHiMNEY-ip/Vce, in Building, a Compofition of certain Mouldings, of Wood or Stone, (landing on the Forefide of the Jambs, and coming over the Mantle-Tree. See Man-

Cmua KY-Money, or Hearth- Money, a Tax impos'd by a Scat. a4 Car, II, expreffing, that every Fire-Hearth and Stove of every Dwelling, and other Houfes within Eng- land and Wale Si except fuch as pay not to Church and Poor, fhall be chargeable with two Shillings per Annum, paya- ble at Michaelmas and Lady-I3ay, to the King and his Heirs. See Smoak, Chimney, and Fuage.

CHINA, or CHINA-Jftw, a fine fort of Earthen Ware, properly calPd 'Porcelain. See Porcelain.

China-China, a Name fometimes given to the Quin- quina, or 'Peruvian 'Bark. See Quinquina.

Cnii*\-Root, a Medicinal Root, brought from the Eaft- Indies.

It is of a ruddy brown Colour, bordering on black, with- out fide j and white, or reddi/h, within. It grows chiefly in fenny Places, ufually cover 'd with the Sea ; which, up- on its withdrawing, leaves great Quantities thereof on the Shore : the beft is that which is firm, ruddy, and frefh.

It is efteem'd a fweetner of the Blood 5 and us'd as fuch in Decoction, in Venereal and Scorbutick Cafes.

CHINESE, or Chinefe 'Tongue, the Language of the People of China. See Language,

F. le Comte obferves, that the Chinefe has no analogy with any other Language in the World : It only contains 3 30 Words, which are all Monofyllables j at Ieaft, they are pro- nounced fo clofe, that there is no diftinguifhing above one Syllable, or Sound, in them. But the fame Word, as pro- noune'd with a Granger or weaker Tone, has different Sig- nifications: Accordingly, when 'tis accurately fpoke, it makes a fort of Mufick, which, has a real Melody, that conftitutes the EfTence and distinguishing Character of that Language.

As to Chinefe Characters, they are as lingular as the Language: t\iz Chinefe have not, like us, any Alphabet, con- taining the Elements, or as it were the Principles of their Words : In lieu of an Alphabet, they ufe a kind of Hiero- plyphicks ; whereof they have above 8000. See Letter.

CHIN-COUGH, a Difeafe Children are chiefly fubject to. It confifts in a violent and immoderate coughing, to a Danger of Suffocation. Letting of Blood, and Balfamicks, are the ufual Cure.

CHIRAGRA, in Medicine, the Gout in the Hinds. See Govt.

The Chiragra has its Seat in the Carpus, or extreme Part

of the Hand, or the Ligaments and Junctures of the Fingers

The Word comes from the Greek %ig t manus, Hand, and"

CHIROGRAPH, was antiently a Deed, which require- ing a counterpart was engrofs'd twice on the fame piece of Parchment, counterwiie ; leaving a Space between wherein was wrote CHIROGRAPH; thro* the middle whereof the Parchment was cut, fometimes ftrait, fome- times indentedly; and a Moiety given to each of the Parties.

This was afterwards call'd 2)ivideuda, and Charts di- vife 5 and was the fame with what we now call Charter- 'Party. See Cn /i&Tzx. -Party.

The firft ufe of thefe Chirographs with us, was in the Time of K. Henry 111. See Indenture.

According to fome, a Deed was properly a Chirograph, when it was fublcrib'd by the Hand-writing of the Vender or Debtor, and deliver'd to the Buyer, or Creditor. Thefe Authors make the Chirograph differ from a Syngrapb, in this 5 that in the latter the Word Syngrafih was wrote in the middle, and cut thro', in the manner juif. obferv'd of Chirograph. Thefe Authors therefore make the Syngrapb the Chi/ ograph j and the Chin-graph a different thing.

The Word is compounded of the Greek ;*if, Hand ; and y^f.%», fcribo, I write.

Chingraph was alfo antiently us'd for a Fine ; and the manner of engrofling the Fines, and cutting the Parchment in two pieces, is ftill retain'd in the Office, call'd the Chi- rographers Office. See Chirographer..

"CHIROGRAPHER of Fines, an Officer in the Com- mon Pleas, who engioffes Fines in that Court, acknowledge into a perpetual Record (after they have been examin'd and palsd by other Officers $) and who writes and delivers the Indentures thereof to the Party. He makes two In- dentures, one for i\xz Buyer, the other for the Seller j and a third indented Piece, containing the Effect of the Fine, and call'd the Foot of the Fine 5 and delivers it to the Ctiflos Srevium. The tame Officer alfo, or his Deputy, pro- claims all Fines in Court every Term, and endorfes the Proclamations on the backfide of the Foot 5 keeping, with- al, the Writ of Covenant and the Note of the Fine. Sec Tabling of Fines.

CHIROMANCY, the Art of divining the Fate, Tempe- rament, and Difpofition of a Perfon, by the Lines and Lineaments of the Hand ; otherwife call'd Palmiflry.

We have a Number of Authors on this vain and trifling Art -j as Art emi dorm, Fludd, and John de Indagine: T'aifnerns, and M. de le Chambre have done the belt.

This laft infifts on it, that the Inclinations may be known from infpecting the Hand ; there being a very near Rela- tion between the Parts of the Hand, and the internal Parrs of the Body, the Heart, Liver, i§c. whereon the Paffions and Inclinations much depend. He adds, however, that the Rules and Precepts of Chiromancy are not fufficiently warranted, the Experiments whereon they ftand not being well verify'd. He concludes, that there muff be a new Set of Obfervations, made with Juilnefs and Exactitude 3 in or- der to give Chiromancy the Form and Solidity which an Art or Science demands.

The Word comes from the Greek %if, Hand, and (hivt^a, ^Divination.

CHIROTONIA, the Impofition of Hand,s, in conferring any Frieftly Orders. See Imposition.

The Word comes from the Greek %&e?Tma,, the Action of ftrcrching out the Hands. And becaufe the Antients gave their Suffrages by ftretching out the Hands, they gave the Name Chirotonia to the Election of Magiiiratcs. See Plebiscita, Ordinances, &a.

This Cuftom was firft eftablifh'd in Greece 5 as appears from an Oration of 'Demoflhenes againil Necera, and that of JEfchines againil Ctejiphon : thence it pafs'd to the Romans. From profane Authors it pafs'd to Ecclefiaftical ones ; and was us'd by them, not only in Elections, but alfo in Ordinations.

CHIRURGERY, popularly call'd Surgery, the third Branch of Medicine ; confining in Operations performed by the Hand, for the Cure of Wounds, and other Diforders. See Medicine.

Chirurgery is the Art of curing Wounds, and various Difeafes, by the opening of Veins, application of Topics, Incifions, and Amputations of feveral Parts of the Body, $$c. See Operation.

Chirurgery is divided into Speculative, and PraBic&l ; one whereof does that in effect, which the other teaches todo.

All the Operations of Chirurgery are redue'd under four Kinds : the firft whereof re-joins what has been ieparatedj and is call'd Synthefis.

The fecond divides, with Difcernmenr, thofe Parts whofe Union is prejudicial to Health ; and is call'd Z)i<erejis.

The third extracts with Art foreign Bodies 5 caird£.ver<?/fr-

And the fourth, call'd Protkcfis, adds and applies what is wanting. See each Branch under its proper Head.

The