Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/355

 C H A

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C H A

Defect, or Redundancy : thus, v.g. if Nature have given a Man a Nofe a little larger than ordinary, the Painter fells in with her, and makes the Nofe extravagantly long ; or if the Nofe be naturally too ftiort, in the Painting it ihall be a mere Stump 5 and thus of the other Parts.

CHARGED, in Heraldry, a Shield, carrying on it fome Figure or Imprefs, is faid to be charged therewith.

So, alfo, when one Bearing, or Charge, has fome other Figure added upon, it is properly faid to be charged.

Charge of Lead, is $<5 rigs ; See Lead, £5?c.

CHARIENTISMUS, in Rhetoric, a Figure wherein a taunting Expreffion is foften'd by a Jeft. See Sarcasm.

CHAR. ? » ,SCar.

CHARIOT.S °™ C Coach.

CHARISTIA, a Feaft celebrated by the Romans, on the nth of the Calends of March - 7 i.e. on the 19th of Fe- bruary.

On this Day each Family made a Feaft, to which none were admitted but thofe of the Family, and Relations : Its Defign was, to put an end to all Differences, or Broils, if there were any, among Friends.

The Word comes from the Greek %*?#, Grace, Favour 5 a. d. a Day of Reconciliation, or of reftoring into Favour.

It was alfo call'd %)ies chare? cognationis. Vigenere, on Zivy, calls it the Day of good Cheer.

CHARISTICARY, Commendatory, or $)onatOry t a Per- fon ro whom is given the Enjoyment of the Revenues of a Monastery, Hofpital, or Benefice.

The Charijlicarics among the Greeks, were a kind of Donatories, or Commendatories, who enjoy'd all the Re- venues of Hofpitals and Monasteries, without giving an Ac- count thereof to any Perfon. The original of this Abufe is referr'd to the Iconoclajles, particularly Conjlantine Copro- nimus, the avow'd Enemy of the Monks, whofe Monaste- ries he gave away to Strangers.

In after Times, the Emperors and Patriarchs gave many to People of Quality, not by way of Gift, to reap any Temporal Advantage from ; but to repair, beautify, and patronize 'em.

At length Avarice crept in, and thofe in good Condition were given, efpecially fuch as were rich ; and at laft they were all given away, rich and poor, thofe of Men and of Women ; and that to Laymen and marry'd Men.

M. Coutelier, in his Eccle/i<£ Gr<ec<£ Monument a, gives us the form of thefe Donations : they were given for Life, fometimes for two Lives.

CHARITATIVE, in the Canon Law, a charitativc Aid, or Subfidy, is a moderate Allowance which a Council grants a Bifhop upon any urgent Occafion ; e.gr. when his Revenues will not bear his Expences to a Council, &c.

CHARITY, one of the three grand Theological Virtues, confifting in the Love of God, and our Neighbour. See Virtue.

Charity is the Habit, or Difpofition of loving God with all our Heart, and our Neighbour as our felves. It has two material Objects, therefore, as the Schools exprefs it, Viz. God, and our Neighbour.

Charity is peculiarly us'd tor the Effect of a Moral Vir- tue, which conliits in fupplying the Neceffities of others, whether with Money, Counfel, Affiftance, or the like. See Benevolence.

Charity Schools, are Schools erected and maintained in various Pari flies, by the voluntary Contributions of the In- habitants, for teaching poor Children to read, write, and other neceffary Parts of Education. Sec School.

In mod Charity Schools, the Children are likewife cloth'd and put out to Trades, Services, &c. on the fame charita- ble Foundation.

Charity Schools arc but of a few Years Standing ; They were began in London ; and have fince fprcad throughout moft of the confiderable Towns of England and Wales. In the Year 17 ro, the Account of the Charity Schools in and about London flood thus.

Number of Schools 88. of Boys taught therein 2181. of Girls 122 r. Boys cloth'd 186:.? T

Girls „,£$ In a11 *»77-

Boys not cloth'd 572.? T „

Girls HIS In a11 * or *

Note, Out of the whole, 967 Boys, and 407 Girls, had been put out Apprentices.

In London we have likewife a Charitable Corpora- tion for the Relief of the indultrious Poor, erected by the late Queen ; for enabling indigent Manufacturers and Tra- ders to take up Money at common and legal Intereft 5 there being a Fund of 30000 /. rais'd for that End.

Order of Charity. There are feveral Religious Or- ders which bear this Title : one inftituted by S.' John de 1>ieu, for the Affiftance of the Sick : This Inftitute was approved of in 1520, by Leo X. and confirmed by TaulY. in 1617. The Religious of this Order apply themfelves wholly to the Service of the Difeas'd.

Charity of the Holy Virgin, is a Religious Order efta-

bliih'd in the Diocefs of Chalons^ by Guy Lord Joinuille,

VT IIth Century, approv'd

by the Popes Boniface

™jJ°l* d..', °3 l °Jf °f th =.XIIIth Century, approv'd

under the Rule of St. Augufli; VIII. and Clement VI.

In each Parilh of 'Paris, is a Society of Women, who ap- ply themfelves to find out and relieve the Wants of the. Poor of the Parifh ; and on this Account call'd, Dames de la Charite, and Sam de la Charm.

CHARKING, or CHARRING, the burning of Wood to make Charcoal. See Charcoal.

CHARKS, Pit-Coal charted, or charr'd. See Coax.

CHARLES'S-WAIN, in Afrronomy, feven Stars in the Conftellation Urfa Major; call'd alio Pleiades. See Plei- ades ; lee alfo Ursa Major.

CHARLATAN, or CHARLETAN, an Empiric, or Quack, who retails his Medicines on a publick Stage, and draws the People about him with his Buffooneries, Feats of Activity, &e. See Empiric.

The Word, according to Calepine, comes from the Ita- lian Ceretano ; of Centum, a Town near Spoletto in Italy, where thefe Impoftors are faid to have firft rifen. Me- nage derives it from Circulatarius, of Circulator.

CHARM, a Magic Power, or Spell, by which, with the Affiftance of the Devil, Sorcerers and Witche

wondrous T ture. See Magic

to do wondrous Things, far furpaffing the Powers

es are fuppo^'d of Na-

PhyUclerics, Ligarures, (g c . are kinds of Charms. See Phylactery, Ligature, g?c.

The Word comes from the Latin Carmen, Verfe. See Carmen.

We have the Hiffory of a notable Charm, wherewith great Things are pretended to have been done in the way of Poifoning, and Tormenting ; defcrib'd by a famous Sor- cerer, one Bras de Fortben, under Sentence of Death in France, as follows.

It confifts of a new Earthen Pot, varnifli'd, not bought nor bargain'd for ; wherein is put Sheep's Blood, Wool, Hair of feveral Beafts, with poifonous Herbs, mix'd to- gether with a great deal of Grimace, and fuperftitious Ce- remonies, uttering certain Words, and invoking Devils. This Pot is kid in a fecret Place in the Neighbourhood where the Mifchief is to be done, and fprinkled with Vi- negar, according to the Effect it is to produce. The Charm holds a certain time, and cannot be taken away, but either by the Party that lodg'd it, or fome fuperior Power which overcomes it.

CHARNEL, a Portico, or Gallery, ordinarily about the Church- Yard ; over which were antiently difpos'd the Bones of the Dead, when the Flefli was confum'd.

The Charnels, or Charnel-Houfes, are now ufually conti- guous to the Church.

CHART, or AV«-CHART, a Hydrographical Map; or a Projection of fome Part of the Sea, in Piano ; for the Ufe of Navigation. See Map, and Projection.

The Invention of Sea Charts, Fournier refers to Henry Son of John King of Lufitania. They differ very conside- rably from Geographical, or Land Maps, which are of no ufe in Navigation. Nor are Sea Charts all of the fame Kind ; fome being what we call Plain Charts, others Re- duced, or Mercator's Chart, and others Globular Charts.

Plain Charts, are thofe wherein the Meridians and Parallels, are exhibited by right Lines parallel to each other.

Thefe Ptolemy, in his Geography, rejects for the follow- ing Faults ; tho their Inventor judg'd 'em of good ufe, and Experience has confirm'dhis Judgment; efpecially in fhort Voyages.

Their Defefls are, i. That fince in reality all the Meri- dians meet in the Poles ; 'tis abfurd to represent 'em, efpe- cially in large Charts, by parallel right Lines. 2. That Plain Charts exhibit the Degrees of the feveral Paral- lels, equal to thofe of the Equator ; and of confequence the Ditiances of Places lying Eaft and Weft, much larger than they fliouldbe. And, 5. In a Plain Chart, while the fame Rhumb is kept, the Veffel appears to be carry'd in a great Circle ; which yet is falfe.

But notwithstanding thefe Defects in the Plain Chart, yet the Eafinefs of its Application has fo reconcil'dit to the Mariners, that 'tis us'd almoft alone ; in exclufion of the more accurate ones.

ConflruBion of a plain Chart.

1. Draw a right Line, as AB, (Tab. Hydrography, Fig. 9.) and divide it into as many equal Parts, as there are Degrees of Latitude in the Portion of the Sea ro be repre- sented, z. Add another to it at right Angles B C, divided into as many Parts, and thofe equal to one another and to the former, as there are Degrees of Longitude in the Portion of the Sea to be represented. j.Compleat the Paral- lelogram A BCD, and rcfolve its Area into little Squares; then right Lines, parallel to A B and C D, will be Meri- dians ; and thofe parallel to A D and B C Parallels. 4. The Coafts, Iflands, Bays, Sands, Rocks, (gc. infert from a T».- G g g bio