Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/338

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CER

After the Battle of Cann<e, the Deflation was fo great at Rome, that there were no Women to celebrate the Eeaft, by reafcri they were all in mourning ; To that it was omitted that Year. .

In the Cerealia they exhibited the Grief of Ceres lor the Lofs of her Daughter "Proferpine 5 bearing the Sta- tues of the Gods in Proceffion. "lis laid, they bkewile carry 'd an Egg in pomp ; apparently, fay fome, as being the Figure of the World, which, like the Egg, contains a vital Power, which it communicates to Seeds : tho others will have it done as a Reprefentation of the Egg whereof Ca(lor and Pollux were born.

CEREBRUM, in Anatomy, the 'Brain, properly lo call'd; in contra-diltinction from the Cerebellum. Sec

Brain. ,

CEREBELLUM, or CEREBEL, in Anatomy, the hind Part of the 'Brain. See Brain.

The Cerebellum is efteem'd a kind of little Brain by it felfj as the Word it felf imports. It is plac'd in the hinder and lower Part of the Skull, underneath the hind Part of the Brain, or Cerebrum : It lies open to the Cerebrum at bottom ; but at top is feparated from it by a Duplicative of the c Dura Mater. Its Figure fomewhat refembles a flat Bowl, broader than long.

Its Subftance is harder and more folid than that of the Brain, but of the fame Nature and Kind ; being composed like it, of a Cortical, or Glandulous ; and a Medullary Part_: the Branches of which laff, when open'd, refemble thole of a Tree, meeting in the Middle, and forming a kind of S*em, which runs quite thro it.

Its Surface is unequal, and furrow'd, but not fo much as that of the Cerebrum ; appearing rather as if laminated, like fome Shell ; the middle Circles being the largcft and deepeft : between the Laming are Duplicatures of the c Pia Mater. The fore and hind Parts of the Cerebellum are terminated by Apoptyfes ; call'd Vcrmiformes, from the refemblance they bear to Worms : it is jom'd ro the Medulla oblongata by two Proeefles, call'd by Willis *Pe- dtwculi. S^e Peeunculi.

Befules thefe, are two or three other medullary Procei- fes, which pafling acrofs the Medulla Oblongata, form an Arch ; from the Difcoverer call'd <Pons Varolii. See Va- rolii. ..

The Blood-Veffcls of the Cerebellum are the fame with thofe of the Cerebrum ; and its ufe the fame, viz. to fe- parate the nervous Juice from the Blood, and convey it thro the feveral Parts of the Body.

Dr. Wtllis, however, diftinguifh.es between the Functi- ons of the Cerebrum, and Cerebellum ; making the firft the Principle of voluntary Motions, and Actions ; and the kit the Principle of involuntary ones, viz. that of Refpi- ration, the Motion of the Heart, $£ic.

J Tis commonly afferted, that a Wound either in the Cor- tex, or Medulla of the Cerebellum, is mortal ; which ir is not in the 'Brain, from which there have been entire Parts taken away without harm. The truth is, we have Inftan- ccs of People living, not only without any Cerebrum, but alfo without any Cerebellum See Brain.

CEREMONY,an Affemblage of feveral Actions, Forms, and Circumitances, ferving to render a thing more magni- ficent and folemn.

The Word comes from the Latin Ccremonia, quad Cc~ reris munia, on account of the great Number of Ceremo- nies us'd in making the Offerings to Ceres.

Valerius Maximus derives it ^ Cere and Munia : Cere was a little Town near Rome, where the Romans made Offerings unto the Go.ls, with uncommon Ardor and Offici- oufnefs, on occafion of the Fear they were in of the Gauls, who then lay before Rome.

CEKJNTHIANS, antient Hcreticks, who took their Name from Cerinthus, Cotcmporary with St. John.

Ceriuthus was a zealous Defender of the Circumcifion, as well as the Nazareans and Ebionitcs. St. Epiphanius fays, he was the Head of a Faction which rofe at r fcrujalem 2<»ainit St. Peter, on account of fome uncircumcis'd Perfons with whom that Apolfle had eat. He believ'd that Jefus Chrift was a mere Man, born of jfofeph and Mary ; but •that in his Baptifm, a celcftial Virtue defcended on him in form of a Dove ; by means whereof he was confecra- ted by the Holy Spirit, and made Chrift. 'Twas by means of this celeftial' Virtue, therefore, that he wrought fo many Miracles.; which, as he receiv'd it from Heaven, quitted him after his Paffion, and rcturn'd to the Place whence it came : So that Jefus, whom he call'd a pure Man, real- ly dy'd and rofe again ; but that Chrift, who was diftin- guifh'd from Jefus, did not fuP/er at all.

Some Authors afcribe the Book of the Apocalypfe to Ce- rinthus ; adding, that he put it off under the Name of St. tfohn, the better to authorize his Reveries touching thrift's Reign in the Flefh. : And 'tis even certain he pub- lifli'd fome Works of this kind, under the Title of Apoca- lypfes. See Apocalypse.

St. Epiphanius obferves, that when a Cerinthian dy'd without Baptifm, another Perfon was baptiz'd in his ftead. They receiv'drhc Gofpel of St. Matthe-iv, to countenance their Doctrine of Circumcifion, from Chriii's being cir- cumcis'd ; but they omitted the Genealogy. They difcard- ed the Epiftles of Sr. 'Paul, becaufe that Apoftle held Cir- cumcifion abolinYd.

CEROMA, a Mixture of Oil and Wax; or, a Searcloth with which the Wreftlers rubb'd themfelves, not only to make their Limbs more (leek, and lefs capable of being laid hold of, but more pliable and fit forExercife. See Sear- cloth.

CERTIFICATE, a Teftlmony given in Writing, to affure and notify the Truth of any thing to a Court of Juftice, &c.

CERTITUDE, is properly a Quality of the Judgment of the Mind, importing an Adhcu'on of the Mind to the Proportion we affirm ; or the Strength wherewith we ad- here to it.

Certitude is of the fame Nature with the Evidence that produces it : the Evidence is in the Things that the Mind fees and confiders, i. e. in the Ideas : Certitude is in the Judgment the Mind makes of thofe Ideas. See Evidence.

The Schoolmen diitinguifh two Kinds of Certitude : the one of Speculation, arifing from the Evidence of the Thing ; the other of Adhejion, which arifes from the Im- portance thereof; This iaft they apply to Matters of Faith.

Further, the Schools diftinguilli three other Kinds of Certitude, with regard to the three different Kinds of Evi- dence whence they arife.

Metaphyseal Certitude, is that arifing from a Metaphy- fical Evidence : fuch is that a Geometrician has of the Truth of this Proportion, c That the three Angles of a ' Triangle are equal to two right ones.'

Phyfical Certitude, is that arifing from Phyfical Evi- dence : fuch is that a Man has that there is Fire on hfa Hand, when he fees it blaze, and feels it burn.

Moral Certitude, is that founded on Moral Evidence ; fuch is that a Perfon has, thai he has got, or lott a Caufe, when his Attorney and Friends fend him exprefs Notice of it, or a Copy of the Judgment, gfc. with regard to which, it may be obferv'd, that Moral Certitude is frequen ly equivalent to Metaphyiical Certitude. Thus, a Criminal who hears the Sentence read, frequently m=dces no doubt either of his Condemnation or Execution ; and yet has no- thing, here, beyond a Moral Certiwde ; the Phyfical Cer- titude only relating to the reading of the Sentence, and the Actions of the Executioner when he takes him into his PofTeffion.

In the P'hilofophical 'Tranfi&ions, we have an Algebraic Calculation of the Degrees of Moral Certainty, arifing from human Teftimony in all its Cafes 5 whether Imme- diate, Mediate, Concurring, Oral, or Written.

The Author thereof fhews, that if the Report pafs thro feveral Reporters Hands e'er it arrive, each conveying J- of Certitude ; after 12 Tr an (millions, it will only be as ~, or an equal Lay whether it be true or not : If the Proportion of Certitude be fix'd at f|§, it will come to half from the 70th Hand ; if at {~ r, from the 695th Hand.

For concurring Evidences, if two Reporters have each | of Certainty, they will both give an Affurance of |y, or 5 5 10 1; if three, of£y|: and the Co-attcftarion of 10 would give -AtI of Certainty ; that of a 20th, ^£j|£|. He fliews, farther, that if there be fix Particulars in a Narrative, all equally remarkable ; and that he to whom the Report is given has | of Cer'itude for the whole ; there is 35 to 1 againft the Failure in any one certain particular.

He proceeds to compute the Certainty of Tradition, both Oral and Written, in Whole and in Part ; fucceffivety tranfmitted, and alfo co-attefted by feveral Succeffions of Tranfmittents. See Tradition.

CERT-MONEY, Head-Money, or a common Fine, paid yearly by the Reflants of feveral Manors to the Lords thereof; and fometimes to the Hundred ; pro Certo Lct<e, for the certain keeping of the Leet. This, in antient Records, is call'd Certum I.etdS.

CERVICAL Vejfcls, among Anatomifts, are the Arte- ries, Veins, &c. which pafs thro the Vertebra and Muf- clcs of the Neck, up to the Skull.

They are thus call'd from the Latin Cervix, Neck. See Cervix.

Cervical Nerves^ are feven Pair of Nerves, fo call'd, as having their Origin in the Cervix, 0* Neck. See Nerve. The firft Pair arifes between the firft and fecond Verte- brae of the Neck ; and contrary to the reft, come out be- fore and behind : whereas the other fix Pair come out laterally from the Jointures of the Vertebra:, thro parti- cular Perforations : This firft Pair goes to the Mufcles of the Head and Ear. The fecond Pair, according to Dr. Willis, contributes the main Branch towards the Formation of the ^Diaphragmatic Nerves ; which, according to Vieuf- fens, fpring only from the fourth and fixth Pair, The three