Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/331

 C E N

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C E N

■ The Word is form'd of the Latin Cemcnttim, of c<edo, I beat. Tho M. Felihien obferves, that what the antient Architects call'd Cementum, was a very different thing from our Cement: The Name Cement, with them, ftood for a kind of Mafonry, or manner of laying the Stones; and even for the Quality of the Stones ; as when the Walls were fill'd up with little Pebbles, Rubbifh, &c. See Masonry.

Cement, is particularly us'd in Architecture, for a ftrong, binding fort of Mortar, us'd to bind, or unite Bricks or Stones together, for fome kinds of Mouldings ; or to make a block of Bricks, for the Carving of Scrolls, Capitals, £5?c.

It is of two Sorts : The hot Cement, which is the moft common, is made of Rofin, Bees-Wax, Brickduft, and. Chalk, boil'd together. The Ericks to be cemented are heated, and rubb'd one upon another, with Cement between.

The cold Cement is lefs us'd : 'tis made of Cheshire Cheefe, Milk, Quick-lime, and Whites of Eggs.

Cement, is alfo us'd among Goldfmiths, Engravers, Jewellers, &c. for a Composition of fine Brickduft, well lifted, Rofin, and Bees-Wax, in ufe among thofc Artificers to keep the Metals to be engraven, or wrought on, firm to the Block, l§c. as alfo to fill up what is to be chifTcl'd.

Cement, in Chymiftry, is a Compound, us'd for the pu- rifying of Gold ; fee Gold, and Purification.

There are two Kinds of this Cement, Common, and Roy- al The firft made of Brickduft, Nitre, and Verdigreafe ; the fecond of Sal Gemmaz, and Armoniac, each one Part; two Parts of common Salt, and four of Bole : the whole re- due'd into a Parte with Urine. Hence,

CEMENTATION, or CEMENTATION" 5 a manner of purifying Gold, by means of Cement.

"Lis perform 'd thus : Thin Plates, or Laming-, are ftrati- fy'd in a Crucible with Royal Cement 5 the Crucible is co- ver'd up, and encompafs'd with Fire for 10 or 12, Hours, till being thus calcin'd, the Salts have imbib'd and con- fum'd the Impurities of the Gold.

This Method of Refining, is much inferior to that by means of Antimony 5 in regard, the Salts fometimes leave other Metals remaining with the Gold ; and befides, fre- quently eat away the Gold it felf. See Refining.

CENOBITE, or COENOBITE, a Religious who lives in a Convent, or in Community, under a certain Rule 5 in oppofition to Anchorite, or Hermit, who lives in Soli- tude. See Hermit, &c.

CaJJian makes this Difference between a Convent and a Monafiery, that the latter may be apply'd to a fingle Re- ligious, or Reclufe ; whereas the Convent implies Ceno- hitcs, or Numbers of Religious living in common. See Convent, and Monastery.

Fleury fpeaks of three Kinds of Monks in Egypt 5 An- chorites, who live in Solitude ; Cenobites, who continue to live in Community; and Sarabaites, who are a kind of Monks Errant, that ftroll from Place to Place.

He refers the Inftitution of Cenobites to the Times of the Apoftles ; and makes it a kind of Imitation of the or- dinary Life of the Faithful at Jcrufalem. Tho St. 'Ta- come is ordinarily own'd the Inftitutor of the Cenobiticl.,ife; as being the firft who gave a Rule to any Community.

The Word comes from the Greek Koivk, commtmh, and $i&, Vita, Life.

CENSOR, in Antiquity, one of the prime Magistrates in antient Rome ; fo call'd & cenfendo, becaufe he affefs'd and valu'd every Man's Eftate, regiftring their Names, and placing 'em in a proper Century 5 that the Romans might know their own ftrength. See Census.

Others fay, the Cenfors were fo call'd, as being Control- lers, or Correctors of Manners and Policy.

They were firft created in the Year of Rome 311, upon the Senate's obferving, that the Confuls were too much ta- ken up with Matters of War, to be at leifure for looking near enough into private Affairs. The two firft were Wa- pirius and Sempronius ; Their Authority extended over every Perfon 5 and they had a Right to reprehend the higheit. At firft they were taken out of the Senate 5 but after the Plebeians had got the Confulate open to 'em, they foon arriv'd at the Cenforjlfip : M. Rutilius was the firft ; who having been twice Conful, and Dictator, in the Year 40Z demanded the Office otCenfor. The Cuftom was, to elect two ; the one of a Patrician Family, the other a Plebeian : and upon the Death of either, the other was difcharg'd from his Office, and two new ones elected. In the Year 414) a Law was made, appointing one of the Cenfors to be always elected out of the Plebeians ; which held in force till the Year 622, when both Cenfors were chofen from among the People : after which time, it was fhar'd between the Senate and People.

This Office was fo confiderable, that none afpir'd to it till they had pafs'd all the reft : So that it was look'd on as fur- prifing, that Craffus ihould be admitted Cenfor, without having been either Conful or Pretor. The Term of this Office was at firft eftablifti'd for five Years ; but that In- ftitution only lafted nine : Mamercinns the Dictator, made

a Law, restraining the Cenfure to a Y'ear and an half 5 which was afterwards obferv'd very ftrictly.

The Bufincfs of the Cenfors, was to regifter the Effects, ££c. of the Roman Citizens 5 to impofc Taxes, in propor- tion to what each Perfon poifefs'd. Cicero reduces rheir Functions to, the numbering of the People 5 the connec- tion and reformation of Manners 5 the eliminating the Ef- fects of each Citizen 5 the proportioning of Taxes ; the fuperintendance of Tribute 5 the exclusion from the Tem- ples ; and the Care of the publick Places. They had alfo a Right to exclude from the Senate, fuch of the Senators as they judg'd unworthy of the Dignity 5 as well as to break and cafhier the Knights who fail'd in their Duty, by taking from 'em the publick Horfe. See Senator, Knight, ££?c.

The Republic of Venice, has at this Day a Cenfor of the Manners of their People, whole Office lafts fix Months.

Censors of Soaks, are a Body of Doctors, or other Of- ficers, eftablifh'd in divers Countries, to examine and give their Judgment of all Books, e'er they go to the Prefs ; and to fee they contain nothing contrary to the Faith, and good Manners. In England we had formerly an Officer of this kind, under the Title of Liccnfer of the 'Prefs 5 but fince the Revolution the Prefs lias been open.

M. Sayle compares Authors folliciting the Approba- tion of Confers, o; Liccnfers, to thofe Shades wandering on the Banks of Styx, and waiting with Impatience for a Paffagc to the other Shore. He applies to 'em thefo two Verfes of Virgil :

T'endentefjue Manns, Rip<ff ulterioris amore : Navita fed trijl-is mine bos nunc accipit illos.

At \Paris, the Faculty of theology claim the Privilege of Cenfors, as granted to them by the Pope 5 and 'tis cer- tain they had been in poffeffion of it for many Ages : but in the Year 1624., a new Commiffion of lour Doctors were created, by Letters Patent, the fole Cenfors and Examiners of all Books ; and anfwerable for every thing contain'd therein. The Faculty, however, {fill maintain their Claim, by taking occafion, now and then, to give their Approba- tions to Books.

CENSURE, Cenfura, is popularly us'd for a Judgment, whereby any Action, Book, or other thing is condemn'd ;, or a Correction, or Reprimand made by a Superior, or Perfon in Authority. Hence,

Ecclcfiaflical Censures, are the publick Menaces which the Church makes, of the Pains and Penalties incurr'd by difobeying what fhe enjoins ; or rather, the Pains and Pu- niftiments thcmfelves j as Interdiction, Excommunication, ckc. Sec Interdiction, Suspension, Degradation,^.

Till the Time of the Reformation, the Kings of Eng- land were fubject to the Cenfares of the Church of Rome j but the ICings of France have always maintain'd them- felves exempt from them. In effect, there is no Inftance of Excommunication of any of their firft Race of King?, till Lotharius's Excommunication by Pope Nicholas I. for putting away his Wife Tetberge ; which is reckon'd the firft Breach of the Liberties of the Galilean Church : Yet the Pope durft not hazard hi? Excommunication on his own Authority, but took care to have it confirm'd by the Af- fembly of the Bifhops of France 5 and the fame Precau- tion was afterwards obferv'd by the other Popes. But in after Times the French Kings aflerted their Rights to better purpofe 5 for Pope Benedict XIII. having Qenfur'd Charles VI. laid the Nation under an Interdict ; upon which, the Parliament of Paris, by an Arret, order'd the Bull to be torn : And Julius II. having excommunicated Louis XII. the Affemb'ly General at Tours cenfur'd the Pope's Cenfure.

The Canonifts diftinguifti two Kinds of Cenfures 5 the one de Jure, the other de Facto, or by Sentence.

Censure, is alfo a Cuftom Jn feveral Manors in Com- ical and 1)evon, whereby all the Reiiants above the Age of 16, are call'd to fwear Fealty to the Lord, to pay twc> Pence per Poll, and a Penny per Annum, ever after, as Cert-Money, or common Fine. See C^rt- Money.

CENSUS, among the Rotnans, was an authentic De- claration made by the feveral Subjects of the Empire, of their refpective Names, and Places of abode, before proper Magistrates, in the City of Rome, call'd Cenfors 5 and in the Provinces Cenfitors, by whom the fame were regilier'd. See Censor.

This Declaration was accompany'd with a Catalogue, or Enumeration in writing, of all the Eftates, Lands, and Heritages they pofTefs'd ; their Quantity, Quality, Place, Tenants, Domefticks, Slaves, &c.

• Hence, alfo, Ccnfus came to fignify a Perfon who had made fuch a Declaration : In which Senfe it was oppos'd to Incenfus y a Perfon who had not render'd his Eftate or Name to be rcgiftcr'd.

The Cenfus was inftituted by King Servius 5 and was

held every five Years. It went thro all the Ranks of

A a a People,