Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/326

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CAT


 * The Word comes from the Greek brnflfcty*** % am in ~

'ffruBcd : Whence, Catechumemum, the Gallery, or upper Part of the Church ; which was thus call'd, either becaufe the Catechumens fat here, or were here inftru&ed.

CATEGOREMA, in Logic, &c. the fame with Cate- gory, or 'Predicament. See Category.

CATEGORY, or "Predicament, in Logic, a Syttem, or Affemblage, of all the Beings comain'd under any Ge- nus, or JCindj rang'd in order : See Genus. The School Philolbpheis diftribute all Beings, all the Objeas of our Thoughts or Ideas into certain Genera, or Gaffes, in or- der to get a more diftincl: and precife Kotion thereof $ which Gaffes they call Categories, or Predicaments. See Predicament.

The Antients, after Ariflotlc, generally make ten Cate- gories : Under the firrt, all Subftances are compris'd ; and all Accidents under the nine latt, viz. Quantity, Quality, Relation, Aflion, Paflion, Time, Place, Situation, and Habitude 5 which are ufually exprefs'd, or fignify'd, by the following Technical Dittich.

Arbor, Sex, Servos, Ardore, refrigerate uflos Ruri, eras, Jlabo, nee mnicaws Ero.

Thefe ten Categories of Arifiotle, which Logicians make fuch Mytteries of, are now almoft out of Doors ; and, in effeft, are of little ufe : the lefs, as being Things purely arbitrary, without any Foundation, but in the Imagination of a Man, who had no Authority to prefcribe Laws for ranging the Objects of other Peoples Ideas. Accordingly, Some Thilofophers think all Nature may be better confi- dcr'd under thefe feven Things, Spirit, Matter, Quantity, Subftance, Figure, Motion, and Rett : And others make but two Categories, Subttance and Accident.

The Word Category, was borrow'd by the Schools from the Pomm, or Courts of Juflice : For as, in a Trial, the Plaintiff, or Profccutor, in accufing the Criminal, or Pri- foncr, muft charge him exprefsly, or affirm that he did this or that, in pofittve Terms 5 whence the Word Category, viz. oi>ta.Tnyo?c*i&a/ 1 to aver, or declare : So in the Do&rine of Categories, every higher may be exprefsly, and absolute- ly predicated, or arfirm'd of every lower.

CATENA, in Anatomy, a Mufcle, otherwife call'd ti- bialis Anticus ; which fee.

CATENARIA, in the higher Geometry, a Curve Line which a Chain, or Rope forms it felf into, when hung freely between two Points of Sufpenfion. See Curve.

To conceive the general Nature or Character of this Curve, fuppofe, ift, a Line heavy and flexible, (fee Tab. Geom. Fig. 25.) the two Extremes of which, F and D, are firmly fix'd in thofe Points ; by its weight it is bent into a certain Curve FAD, which is call'd the Catenaria. adly, Let B D and bd be parallel to the Horizon, AB perpen- dicular to B D, and D J> parallel to A B 5 and the Points B b infinitely near to each other. From the Laws of Me- chanicks, any three Powers, in Mquilibrio, are to one ano- ther, as the Lines parallel to the Lines of their Direction, (or inclin'd in any given Angle) and terminated by their mutual Concourfes : Hence, if D d expreffes the abfolute Gravity of the Particle D d, (as it will, if we allow the Chain to be every way uniform) then D £ will exprefs that Part of the Gravity, that acts perpendicularly upon Ddj and by the means of which, this Particle endeavours to reduce it felf to a vertical Pofition : So that if this Lineola d£ be conttant, the perpendicular Action of Gravity upon the Parts of the Chain will be conttant too $ and may therefore be exprefs'd by any given right Line a. Farther, the Lineola DA will exprefs the Force which afts againtt that Conatus of the Particle Dd (by which it endeavours to rettore it felf into a Pofition perpendicular to the Hori- zon) and hinders it from doing fo. This Force proceeds from the ponderous Line DA, drawing according to the Di- rection D d 5 and is, ceteris paribus, proportional to the Line D A, which is the Caufe of it. Suppohng theCurveFAD, therefore, as before, whofe Vertex (the loweft Point of the Catena) is A, Axis A B, Ordinate BD; Fluxion of the Axis D^ = B£, Fluxion of the Ordinate dJ 1 ; the Rela- tion of thefe two Fluxions is thus, viz. d£ ;Dd : : a: DA Curve ; which is the fundamental Property of the Curve, and may be thus exprefs'd (putting AB=x, and BD=jy, and A t)~c)y=.^_. For more on this Subject, fee'Phi-

lofiphicdl 'TranfaEtions, N° 251, where it is enlarg'd upon by Dr. Gregory.

CATERER. Sec Purveyor.

CATHARTICS, Purgative Medicines, or Remedies that promote Evacuation by Stool ; fee Purgatives.

Some ufe the Word Cathartic in a more general Senfe, comprehending under it Emetics, or Vomitives ; but this feeros an Abufe : See Emetics.

Cathartics, in the proper Senfe of the Word, are of fe- veral Kinds, ?nild, moderate, and violent. The firft purge gently, as Caffla, Manna, ^Tamarinds, Rhubarb, Sena, &c,

the fecond pretty bri fitly, as Jallop, and Scamony, &c. the thirdfeverely, as Colacinth, Hellebore, Laurcola, &c. See each under its proper Article, Cassia, Manna, Rhubare, &c.

Cathartics are likewife divided into Cbologogues, Phlegma- gognes, Melanogogues, and Hydrcgcgues \ the firtt fuppos'd to purge the Bile, the fecond Pituita, the third Melancho- ly, and the fourth Serofities. See Chologogues, Phlec- magogues, &c. The Word comes from the Greek xa(Wffi>, purgo, 1 purge.

For the Theory of Cathartics, and the manner wherein they operate, fee Purgatives.

CATHEDRAL, a Church wherein is a Bifhop's See, or Seat ; fee Bishop.

The Word feems to take its rife ffom the manner of fitting in the antient Churches, or Affemblies of primitive Chriftians : In thefe, the Council, i. e. the Elders and Priefts, was call'd Presbyterium ; at their head was the Sijhop, who held the Place of Chairman, Cathedralis ; and the Presbyters, who fate on either fide, were alfo call'd by the antient Fathers, Affeffores Epifcoporum. The Epifcopal Authority did not refide in the Bifhop alone, but in all the Presbyters, whereof the Bifhop was President. See Presbyter.

A Cathedral therefore, originally, was different from what it is now ; the Chrittians, till the Time of Confian- tine, having no liberty to build any Temple : by their Churches they only meant their Affemblies ; and by Ca- thedrals, nothing more than Conftflories. Whence appears the Vanity of fome Authors, efpecially the Spaniards, who pretend their Cathedrals to have been built in the Times of the Apoftles. The Word comes from the Greek Ka0s<%£, Chair, of jwfli&icw, fedeo.

CATHERETIC Medicines, fuch as confume and carry off Carnofities, proud Flefh, and Excrefcences arifing in Wounds, &c. fuch are the red Precipitate, burnt Atom, blue Vitriol, Stone, &c.

The Word is form'd from the Greek Kate, and d/jew, J take away, carry cjf.

Some call thefe Medicines Sarcophages, Flefh-eaters. See Caustic.

S. CATHERINE of Mount Sinai, a Military Order, in- ftituted in itfog, on occafion of finding the Body of S. Ca- therine on Mount Sinai ; which drawing a great Concourfe of Pilgrims from all Quarters, an Order of Knights was eftablitti'd, on the Foot of that of the Holy Sepulchre, to render the Journey more fafe among the Arabs. See Se- pulchre.

They receiv'd the Rule of St. Bajil, and own'd St. Ca- therine for their Patronefs : Their Vows were, to follow their Rule, guard the Body of their Patronefs, fecure the Roads in favour of Pilgrims, defend the Catholick Church, and obey their Grand Matter. The Order is now extinct, as well as that of the Holy Sepulchre.

CATHETER, among Chirurgeons, a hollow Probe, or Inflrument, fomewhat crooked, to thrufl up the Yard into the Bladder; in order to affift in making Urine, when the Paffage is ftopp'd by the Stone, Gravel, Caruncles, 'i$c.

The Word comes from the Greek ko.^h^i, immitto, to fend in.

Hence, Catheterifm is the Operation of drawing the Urine out of the Bladder with a Catheter.

CATHETUS, in Geometry, a Perpendicular $ or a Line, or Radius, falling perpendicularly on another Line, or Sur- face : See Perpendicular.

Thus, the Catheti of a reBangled Triangle, are the two Sides that include the right Angle. See Rectangle.

Cathetus of Incidence, in Catoptrics, is a right Line drawn from a radiant Point, perpendicular to the Plane of the Speculum, or Mirror. See Incidence.

Cathetus of Reflection, or of the Eye, a right Line drawn from any Point of a reflected Ray, perpendicular to the Plane of Reflexion, or of the Speculum. See Re- flection.

Cathetus of ' Obliquation, a right Line, drawn perpendi- cular to the Speculum, in the Point of Incidence or Reflection.

Cathetus, in Architecture, is a perpendicular Line, patting along thro the middle of a Column : or that thro the Eye of the Volute, in the Ionic Capital ; call'd alfo Axis, See Axis, and Volute.'

CATHOLICK, is us'd in the Senfe otUniverfal, or Ge- neral ; fee General, £f?c.

ttbeodojius the Great, firft introducM the Term Catholick into the Church 5 appointing by an Edicl, that the Title mould be apply'd,^ by way of Pre eminence, to thole Churches who adher'd to the Council of Nice, in Exclufion of the Arians, &c. Catholicifm, however, foon ch'ang'd Hands 5 for under the Emperor Conjiantius, Arianifin be- came fb predominant, that the Arians were call'd the Cti- tholicks. See Arian, &c.

The Title of Catholick King, has been hereditary to the

King of Spain, ever fince the Time of Ferdinand and ffa-

bella. Colombiere fays, it wa s given on occafion of the

I Expulfion