Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/324

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CATALOGUE, a Lift, Or Enumeration of the proper Names of feveral Books, Men, or other Things; difpos'd according to a certain Order. The Jefuits of Antwerp have given us a Catalogue of the Popes ; which makes what they call their 'Pr'opjd&ttffi, &c. Sec Propyl^um.

Catalogue of the Stars, is a Lift of the Fix'd Stars, Jifpos'd in their fevcral Conftelkuions ; with the Longi- tudes, Latitudes, &b'. of each. See Star.

The firft who undertook to reduce the Fix'd Stars into a Catalogue, was Wpparcbus Rbodius, about 120 Years be- fore Chrift 5 in which he made ufc of the Observations of Tymocharis and Jriftyll/ts, for about 180 Years before him. Ttolemy rctain'd Mpparchp^ Catalogue ; tho he himfelf made abundance of Obfervations, with a View to a new Catakgue, about the Year of Chrift 880. Albatcgnius, a Syria?/, brought down the fame to his Time. Anno I437> Ulitgb 'Beigb, King of Martina and India, made a new Catakgne of the Fix'd Stars ; fince tranilated out of Arabic into Latin, by Dr. Hyde, The third who made a Cata- kgne from his own Ob'ervations, was lycho 'Brabe 5 who derermin'd the Places of 777 Stars, for the Year 1600 : which Kefler, from other Obfervations of Tycbo, after- wards increased to the Number of 1000, in the Rudolpbine Tables. At the fame time, William, Landgrave of Hejje, with his Mathematicians, Cbr/Jlopber Rotbmanuus, and f/iflus Syrgius, determin'd the Places of 400 Fix'd Stars, by'his own Obfervations 5 which He-velius prefers to thofe otjycho's. Ricciolus, in his Ajironomia reformata, deter- min'd the Places of ici Stars, for the Year 1700 ; from his own Obfervations : for the reft, he follow'd Tycbo's Cata- kgue ; altering it where he thought fit. Anno 1677, Dr. llallcy, in the Ifland of St. Helena, obferv'd 350 Southern Stars, not viiible in our Horizon. The fame Work was repeated by F. N-^cl, in 17 10, who publifti'd a new Cata- logue of the fame Stars conftructed for the Year 1*87. The next was J. Hevel/tts, who made a Catalogue of 1888 Fix'd Stars: whereof 950 had likewife been obferv'd by the Antiems} 555 by Dr. Halley ; and only 603 byhimfeif. The lair, and greateft, is the Britannic Catalogue, com- pil'd from the Observations of the accurate Mr. Flamjlead ; who for a long Scries of Years devoted himfelf wholly thereto. As there was nothing wanting either in the Ob- ferver, or Apparatus, we may look on this as a perfect Work, fo far as it goes 'Tis pity the Impreflion had not pais'd thro his own Hands : That now extant, was pub- lifh'd by Authority, but without the Author's Confent : it contains 1734. Stars. There is another publinYd this pre- fect Year, 1715, purfuant to his Teftament : And Dr. Halley, his Succeffor in the Obfervatory Rcyal, is now en- gaa'd in fupplying the Omiffions of either, by his own Ob- servations. See Observatory. CATAMENIA. See Menses.

CATAMITE, a Ganymede, or Boy kept for Sodomy 5 fee SoroMY. The Word is form'd of mvta, and ft/5®*, bird. CATAPAN, or CATIPAN, a Name the later Greeks, about the XUth Century, gave the Governor of their Do- minions in Italy. Ugbel, and others, fay, Catipan was the fame with CapiidnettS ; form'd therefrom by Metathe/is, or Tranfpofition. Others derive it from k&ta, juxta, and ■mv, omnc : In which Senfe, Catapan was Governor Gene- ral, or Magiftrate, who had the Direction of all : Others will have it deriv'd from »*7» jmcroi^Tegj?, after the Em- peror. In which Senfe, Catapan was a fecond Mafter, Se- cundus "D'nrimus. c £>it Cange derives it from vt&Ttmvm ; which the Greeks apply'd to every Goveino;, and even every Man of Quality.

CATAPASM, a Mixture of Pouders, either Odoriferous, as for the perfuming of Clothes ; or Fortifying, and ap- ply'd to the Stomach, Heart, or Head j or Efcharrotic, for eating off dead Flefh. The Word comes from the Greek jtjpnt^trirs/?, to water.

CATAPELTA, an Inftrumcnt of Punifhment, in ufe

among the Antients. It confifted in a kind of Prefs, com-

pos'd of Planks, between which the Criminal was crufh'd.

CATAPHORA, in Medicine, a Difeafe, the fame with

Coma. See Coma.

According to Slajxchard, there is this Difference between the two, that Cataphora is the Genus to all Kinds of Stu- pors, unattended with Fevers. See Lethargy, and Car us. CATAPHRYGIANS, anticnt Hercticks s fo call'd, as fceina ^Phrygians. They were Orthodox in every thing, fitting aiide this, that they took Montanus for a Prophet, and c Prifiilla and Maximilla for true Propheteffes, to be cor.iulted on every thing relating to Religion • as fuppofing the Holy Spirit h;id abandon'd the Church.

CATAPLASM, popularly call'd Toultice, an external Medicine, in form of a Pulp 5 of a foft Confiitence, like an Unguent, or Cei?t $ compos'd of various Liquors, Parts of flai ts, Oils, Unguents, Z$>c. according to the Variety of Intentions. Its ordinary Effects arc, to afluage Pain, fofter, refoive, di("cufs, or fup.pura.te Matter collected in the exten- nal Parts of the Body. The ordinary Cataplafm for thefe

Intentions, is compos'd of white Bread, Milk, Yolks of Eggs Saffron, and Oil of Rofes. The Word comes from the Greek y&To.'Trh&aGtD, illino, I fmear, or apply outwardly.

CATAPULTA, a Military Machine, us'd among the Antients for the throwing large Darts and Javelins, 12 or 15 Foot long, on the Enemy. The Catapnlta is faid to be the Invention of the Syrians. Some Authors mske it the fame with the Balifla ; others different. The firft derive it a.-7ro tm Tr-.h-mi, a Shaft, or Dart $ the laft from x.a.jst'Tr^ini, See Balista.

CATAPUTIA, a Medicinal Plant, commonly call'd the leffer Spurge. It purges with fuch a Violence, both up- wards and downwards, that few Perfons of any Credit Ven- ture to prefcribe it.

CATARACT of Water, a Fall, or Precipice, in the Channel, or Bed of a River ; caus'd by Rocks, i.r other Ob- ftacles, flopping the Courfe of its Stream 5 from whence the Water falls with a great Noife and Impetuofity : Such are the CataraBs of Nile, the ^Danube, Rhine, &c. Strabo calls that a CataraB, which we call a Cafcade ; and what we call a CataraB, the Antients ufually call'd a Catadupa. Herminms has an exprefs Differtation, %)e admirandis Mundi CataraBis fiipra ci? fubterraneis $ where he ules the Word in a new Senfe $ fignifying, by CataraB, any vio- lent Motion of the Elements. The Word comes from the Greek ^ata^.tsu, cum impetu decido.

Cataract, in Medicine, a Suffajion of Sight, arifing from a little Film, or Speck, which fwimming in the aque- ous Humour of the Eye, and getting before the Pupil, in- tercepts the Rays of Light. See Sight.

The CataraB is fuppovd to be form'd from a Condenfa- tion of the more vifcous Parts of the aqueous Humour, be- tween the Uvea and the Cryftalline : tho fome take it to be a Pellicle, detach'd from the Cryftalline itfelfj which is only an Affemblage of feveral little Pellicles, laid over one another. See Crystalline.

There are two Kinds of CataraBs, the Genuine and Spurious ; the firft owing to a Humour am:;fs\l in the E)e, coagulated and fix'd therein, and deftroying its ufe : the latter arifes from Fumes or Vapours, carry'd to the Eye by fome Accident ; as by a Fever, l3c. The Genuine Cata- raB has feveral Degrees and feveral Names: At firft the Patient fees, as it were, Clouds, Motes, Flies, &c. diffur'd over the Objects in view : Thus far the CataraB is cail'd Imaginary; there being nothing yet appearing to the Eye of another Perfon. As the SuJfu/to?z increafes, the Pupil begins to appear of a Sea-green Colour $ fometimes like the Air, full of Clouds ; and then the CataraB is call'd Water, or Wa- ter-fall. When the Evil is arriv'd at its height, and the Matter fufficiently coagulated, the Patient lofes all Sight ; the Pupil ceafes to be tranfparent, but becomes white, or brown, or fome other Colour ; which laft is what we pro- perly denominate a CataraB.

Couching of Cataracts. For the Cure of a CataraB, recourfe is had to the Operation of Couching ; which is pcrform'd by running a Steel Needle into the Eye, thro the Adnata, by the Edge of the Cornea, on the Side of the little Canthus, till it arrive at the Middle of the Ca- taraB 5 then, turning the Needle round, they twift the CataraB about its Point, till being thus redue'd into a little compafs, 'tis brought down benearh the Pupil, and couch'd, or lodg'd in the Bottom of the Eye, and there left: Thus, the Impediment being remov'd, the Light gets admiffion. To render the Operation effectual, care muft be taken, that the Pellicle or CataraB be ripe, or arriv'd at its Con- fiftence, fo as it may be eafily roll'd up ; that its Parts be crufh'd, or broke in rolling up, and lodg'd fo fecure, as not to rife up again by its Elafticity j and perhaps alfo, that it diflblve and confume at the Bottom or the Eye.

This is the popular Theory of CataraBs, which fome modern Fhyficians oppofe, and fubftitute a new one in its place : Their Opinion is, that inftead of Couching, or lay- ing a little Membrane, or Pellicle, 'tis the Cryftalline it felf that is thus couch'd, and lodg'd in the Bottom of the vi- treous Humour. This they fuppofe to have been condens'd, and to have loft its Tranfparence 5 whence, inftead of be- ing an Inftrument of Vifion, it proves an Obftacle to it, by ihutting out the Rays from the Retina. This Alteration of its Tranfparence, is accompany'd with a Change of Co- lour 5 it becomes greenifti 5 and on this account is call'd by the Greeks Glaucoma. The Glaucoma and CataraB there- fore, in their Opinion, are the fame Things : tho in the other Hypothefis they are very different ; the firft being reputed incurable, but not the latter. See Glaucoma.

The chief Reafon urg'd in behalf of this latter Hypothefis, in the French Academy Royal, where it was ptopos'd, is, that after the Operation of Couching, the Perfon can't fee without a convex Lens. Now if no more were done, than the taking away a Pellicle from before the Cryftalline, it wou'd be in the fame Condition as before, and wou'd make the fame Refraclions ; nor wou'd any L-ns be necefTary : Whereas, fuppofing the Cryftalline couch'd, 'tis evident the 1 Ler.s.