Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/320

 CAS

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CAS

Cafcata, of Cafcttre ; and that, of Cado, to fall. See Ca- taract.

^ CASCANS, orCASCANES,inFortification, arcHolesor Cavities in form of Wells, made in the Terreplein, near a Rampart'; from whence a Gallery, dugin likemanner under Ground, is convcy'd, to give Air to the Enemy's Mine.

CASE, in Grammar, is undcritood of the different In- fl ;crions, or Terminations of Nouns ; ferving to exprefs the different States, or Relations they bear to each other, and to the things they reprefent. See Noun.

There is a great Diverfity in Grammarians, with regard to the Nature and Number of Cafes : They generally find fix Cafes, even in moll of the modern Languages, which they call the Nominative, Genitive, "Dative, Accufative, Vocative, and Ablative : Eut this feems only in compliance with their own Ideas, which are form'd on the Greek or Latin, and which they transfer to other Languages.

The Truth is, if by Cafe be only meant an occafional Change in the Termination of a Noun, or Name, which feems to be the jufl Idea of Cafe, (regard being had either to the Reafoh of the Thing, or the Sound of the Word Cafus, from Cadcre, to fall ; and itrmv, Cafiis, Fall) there will in this Senfe be juft as many Cafes as there are different Terminations of Nouns in the fame Number, none at all. Indeed, Authors either han't any precife No- tion ol Cafes at all, or they wander flrangely from that Notion : for they always reckon five Cafes of Nouns in the Greek, and fix in the Latin : Tho feveral of thefe Cafes be frequently alike, as the Genitive and Dative fingular, of the firfl Declenfion of the Latin ; the Dative and Abla- tive plural of the fecond, ISc the Genitive and Dative dual of the Greek, &c. So that the Termination is not the iole Meafure of the Cafe.
 * . e. in fome Languages more, in others lefs, and in others

'Tis, however, much more agreeable to the Principles ot Grammar, which only confiders Words materially, to make as many different Cafes, as there are Changes in the Terminations of a Name ; which wou'd free the Bnglijh, and other modern Tongues, from the Embarafs of Cafes ; molt of 'em cxpreffing the various Relations, not by Chan- ges in Tctmination, as the Antients, but by the Appofi- tion of Articles. 'Tis certainly wrong to fay, v.g. that of a Father, is the Genitive Cafe of Father ; and to a Father tho Dative ; for o/and to are no part of the Name Father : They are no Cloles or Terminations, but Articles, or Mo- dificatives, which fliew the different Relation of the Word Father. And the fame may be faid of the Cafes of Nouns, in the French Italian, Spanifb, 'Portvguefe Tongues, &C.

But the Cafe is otherwife in the Greek Name «T t oV, or the Latin 'Tarns ; which are real Cafes of the Words ™.7*p, and Pater, and different from them : And fome- what like this may be faid of the Hebrew, Arabic, Ar- menian, 'Polifh, and German Languages ; which in the fame Number admit of Changes in the Terminations of Words : And yet in thefe Languages, Cafes ate pretty dif- ferent from what they are in the Greek and Latin. The »«Nanra, for Int'cance, are not properly declin'd by Cafes : The Relation exprefs'd by the Genitive Cafe 'tis true, occafions an Alteration* in them 5 but then this Alte- ration, inlfead of being in rhe Noun governed, as in the Latin, in the Hebrew is in that which governs • as "lf?"IJ "O"' Verbnm falfltatis ; where the Change is not in ip£ falfi- tas, but in 131 for -qi Verbum.

F. Galanus makes ten Cafes in the Armenian ; obferving, that belides the fix ordinary Cafts, there is one ferving to exprels the Inftrument wherewith any thing U done ; ano- ther for Narration, to exprefs the SubjeB ; a third to mew that one thing is in another ; and a fourth, to fhew a Re- lation between one thing and another. Authors make but three Gales m the Ai;ab,e, as having only three Termina- tions, en, in, and an.

It mull be obferv'd, however, that tho many of the Languages have not properly any Cafes of Nouns, yet molt, if not all of them, have a kind of Cafes in their Pro- nouns, without which, it wou'd be hard to conceive the Correction, or Syntax of a Difcourfe ; and which, there- fore, makes a ncccflary part of Grammar. See the Rela- tions exprefs d by each Cafe under its proper Head, Nomi- native, Genitive, Dative He

CASE-HARDENING, a Method of preparing Iron, fo ■as to render us outer Surface hard, and capable of refitting the File or any edg d Tool It is us'd by File-cutters fo? coarlc Files ; by Gunlmiths, to harden the Barrels of Guns ; and by otners, on other Occafions. See Iron • fee alfo File, &c. '

The Vtozek of Cafe-hardening is thus: They take Hoofs or Horns of Kine, dry them in an Oven, and pouder 'em •' then put an equal Quantity of Bay Salt to it, and mim>ll both together with iiale Urine, or Whitewine Vinegar : Some of this Mixture they lay upon Loam, and wra'p it about the Iron, putting alio more Loam over all Then they lay it on the Hearth of a Forge to dry and harden ;

and when it's dry and hard, they put it into the Fire, and blow till they give the Lump a blood red Heat, but no greater : Then it is taken out and quench'd, and the Cafe karden'd Iron is taken out of the Cafe. See Steel, and Hardening.

CASEMATE, or CASEMENT, in Building, is a hol- low Moulding, which fome Architects make i of a Circle • and others J. Sec Moulding.

Casemate, or Casement of a Window. See Window.

Casemate, in Fortification, a kind of Vault of Mafons- work, in that part of the Flank of a Baflion next the Cur- tain ; ferving as a Battery, to defend the Face of the op- pofite Baflion, and the Moat, or Ditch. See Bastion.

The Cafemate, fometimes, confifls of three Platforms, one above another ; the higheft being on the Rampatt : But they commonly content themfelves to withdraw the^ higher! within the Baflion. The Cafemate is alfo call'd the low "Place, low Flank, and fometimes retir'd Flank ; as being that Part of the Flank neareft the Cour- tine, and the Centre of the Baflion : It was formerly co- ver'd with an Epaulement, or a maffive Body of round or fquare Stone, which prevented thofe without from feeing within the Batteries. 'Tis now rarely us'd, by reafon the Enemy's Batteries are apt to bury the Artillery of the Cafemate, in the Ruins of the Vault.

The Name comes from a Vaulr, formerly made to fe- parate the Platforms of the upper and lower Batteries ; each of which was call'd in Italian Cafa Armata, and in the Spaniih Cafamata. Tho others derive the Word from Cafa « Matti, Houfe of Tools : Covarruvias, from Cafa, and mata, low Houfe.

Casemate, is alfo us'd for a Well, with fevetal fubter- raneous Branches, dug in the Paffage of the Baflion, till the Miner is heard at work, and the Air given to the Mine.

CASE, in Printing, a Frame, plac'd ailope, divided in- to feveral Compartments, or little fquare Cells, in each of which are lodg'd a number of Types, or Letters of the fame Kind ; whence the Competitor takes them out, each as he needs it, to compofe, and make a Page, or Form. See Printing, Letter, ci?c.

Thus, they fay, a Cafe, or rather "Pair of Cafes, of Greek, of Hebrew, of Pica, &c. Menage, after Salma/ius, derives the Word from Cajfa, or Caffa ; and that from the Greek xa4a, which fignifies the fame thing.

CASE-SHOT, are Mufltet-Bullets, Stones, old pieces of Iron, or the like, put up into Cafes, and fo fliot out of great Guns. See Shot.

Cafe-Jhot is chiefly us'd at Sea, to clear the Enemies Decks when they are full of Men.

CASERNS, or CAZERNS, in Fortification, little Rooms, Lodgments, or Apartments, erected between the Ramparts, and the Houfes of fottify'd Towns, or even on the Ramparts themfelves ; to ferve as Lodgings for the Soldiers of the Garifon, to eafe the Garifon. See Garison.

There are ufually two Beds in each Cafem, for fix Sol- diers to ly, who mount the Guard alternately ; the third Part being always on Duty.

CASES Referv'd, in the Romijli Polity, are considerable Sins, the Abfolution of which is referv'd by the Superiors to themfelves, or their Vicars. There are fome Cafes re- ferv'd by the Pope, and others by the Bifliops : In Con- vents, fome are referv'd by the Chapter, i£c. None but thefe, or their Vicars, can abfolve in thefe Cafes ; except at the Article of Death, when all referv'd Cafes are abfol- vable by the Ordinary. See Absolution.

CASH, in Commerce, the Stock of Money, which a Merchant, or other Perfon has in his Difpofal, to negotiate ; fo call'd from the French Term Caiffe, i. e. Cheft, or Cof- fer, for the keeping of Money. M. Savery fhews, that the Management of the Cajh of a Company, is the moft considerable Article ; and that whereon its good or ill Suc- cels chiefly depends. See Company.

CASHIER, the Cafh-keefer, is he whoischarg'dwith the receiving and paying of the Debts of a Society: See Cash.

In the generality of Foundations, the Caflyier is call'd Treafurer ; fee Treasurer.

CASING of "timber-work, is the Plaiftering a Houfe all over on the Outfide with Mortar ; and flriking it, yet wet, by a Ruler, with the Corner of a Trowel, or the like Inflrument, to make it refcmble the Joints of Free- flone ; by which means, the whole Houfe appears as if built thereof.

CASK, or CASQUE, a piece of defenfive Armour, to cover the Cavalier's Head and Neck ; otherwife call'd Hel- met. See Helmet.

Le Gendre obferves, that antiently, in France, the Gens a"Armes all wore Casks. The King wore a Cask, gilt ; the Dukes and Counts, filvcr'd ; Gentlemen of Extraction, polilh'd Steel ; and the refl plain Iron. The Word comes from CaJJicum, or Cafjictts, a Diminutive of Caffis, Shield.

The Cask is frequently feen on antient Medals; where wo may obferve great Varieties in the Form and Falhion

thereof: