Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/317

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J n^er Stay in the Inteftines ; but that in Carnivorous A: mals fuch Ctectnn is wanting, and inftead thereof there is a more fliort and (lender Gut, and a quicker Paffage thro the Inteftines. Now, in Man, the Cscum is very vifiblej a ftrong Preemption that Nature, who is ftill confiftent with her felf, did not intend him for a Carnivorous Ani- mal ; "Tis true, the Cscum is but fmall in Adults, and feems of little or no ufe ; but in & Feet us 'tis much larger in Proportion : and 'tis probable, our cuftomary Change of Diet, as we grow up, may occafion this ihrinking. See OncuM, and Colon. CARNOSA Membrana, > . \ r d

Ck&$OSUS<PaMicvtei$ m Anatom Y5 ** Pa ^ ni " cwlus Carnofus.

CARIOSITY/, isus'd by fome Authors for a little fejby Excrcfcence, Tubercle, or Wen, form'd in the Urethra, Neck of the Bladder, or Yard, which flops the Paffage of the Urine. Camofitics are very difficult of cure : They are not eafily known, but by introducing a Probe into the Paffage, which there meets with refinance. They ufually arife from fome Venereal Malady ill manag'd.

CARO, Flejh, in Anatomy, &c. is properly understood of fuch Parts of the Body, where the Blood-Veffels are fo fmall, as only to retain Blood enough to preferve their Co- lour red. Anatomifts ufually define Flejb, a fimilar, fibrous, and thick Part ; and diftinguifh it into five Kinds, viz. j. Mnfcular, Similar, or Fibrous 5 fuch as is the Subttance of the Heart, and other Mufcles. See Muscle, z. Pa- renchymous, as the Lungs, Liver, and Spleen were anti- en tly fuppos'd to be ; but fince the ufe of Glafles, it's now known, that all the Vifcera and other Parts are Vafcular, and nothing but a Plexus, or Congeries of fmall Veffels and Canals. 3. Vifcerous, as that of the Stomach and Guts. 4. Glandulous, as that of the Pancreas, Breafts, Tonfils, %§c. 5. Spurioits, as the Flefh. of the Lips, Gums, G'ands of the Penis, t$c.

Caro, is alfo us'd, in Botany, for the Pulp, Flefh, or foft Subttance contain'd within any Plant, or its Fruit 5 fuch as the Pulp of Caflla, Tamarinds, Prunes, l£jc.

Caro Mtlfculofa guadrata, in Anatomy, a Mufcle fo call'd by Fallopius and Spigelius, but more popularly Pal- mares brevis. See Palmaris.

CAROLINES, an Epithet given to the four Books com- pos'd by Order of Charlcmaign, to refute the lid Council of Nice.

The Carolines contain 120 Heads of Accufation againft that Council, and are couch'd in very harm, reproachful Terms. Some Authors doubt of the Antiquity and Ge- nuinenefs of thefe Books : They are attributed by fome to Angibran, Biftiop of Metz ; by others to Alcuin .- but others, with more Reafon, afcribe 'cm to the Bifhops of France 5 al~ ledging, that Pope Adrian having fent Cbarlemaign the Ac~h of the Council in 790, he gave them to be examin'd by the French Bifhops $ and that the Carolines was the Anfwer they return'd. The Carolines were fent to the Pope about the Time of the Council of Frankfort ; and were firft printed in 1549, by M. Z)u billet, Bifhop of Meaux, under the Name of Eriphele.

CAROLUS, an antient Gold Coin, {truck in the Reign of K. Charles I. Its Value, &c. fee under Coin.

CAROTIDS, in Anatomy, two Arteries of the Neck, one on each Side, ferving to convey the Blood from the Aorta, to the Brain. See Artery, Blood, and Brain.

The right Carotid ariies from the Subclavian, juft where that fprings out of the Porta 5 but the left immediately out of the Aorta. They both He pretty deep, and being defended by the Afpera Artcria, pals free from any Com- preffure, and without fending out almoft any Branches, ilraight to the Cranium. Juft before their Arrival there, they fend forth the external Carotid 5 and pairing the Os Perrofum, proceed on with fome Circumvolutions 5 till lay- ing afide their mufcular Membrane, and giving Branches to the 2)ura Mater, they pafs along the Cranium, defend- ed by the Sides of the Sella 'Turcica, and 2)ura Mater ; and fending Branches to the outer Parts of the Tia Mater, and the Nerves, they at laft reach the Cerebrum $ where divi- ding into infinite Ramifications, they arc loft in the cortical Part ; or perhaps proceed even into the medullary Part thereof. See Cortex, Medulla, $c.

The Antients plac'd the Scat of Droufinefs in thefe Ar- teries, whence they had the Name Carotids, jwp©- fignify- ing Droufinefs : for the fame Reafon they were call'd Le- thargic and Apopletlic. CA&Y-Fi/bing. See Carp-VisninG. CARPiEA, a kind of Dance, or Military Exercife, in ufe among the Athenians and Magneflans, perform 'd by two Perfons 5 the one acling a Labourer, the other a Robber. The Labourer, laying by his Arms, goes to fowing and ploughing ; ftill looking warily about him, as if afraid of being furpriz'd : The Robber at length appears, and the Labourer, quitting his Plough, betakes himfelfto his Arms, and fights in defence of his Oxen. The Whole perform 'd to the Sound of Flutes, and in Cadence. 1

Sometimes the Robber was overcome, and fometimes the Labourer ; the Vigor's Reward being the Oxen and Plough. The Defign of the Exercife, was to teach, and accuitom the Pcafants, to defend thernfclvcs againit the Attacks of Ruffians.

CARPENTERS-^*, in a Building, includes the Framing, Flooring, Roofing 5 the Foundation, Carcafs> "Doors, Windows^ ckc. See Framing, Flooring, Roof- ing, Foundation, Carcass, Door, Window, &c. Carpenter's foint-Ruie. See Rule. CARPENTRY, the Art of cutting, framing, and join- ing large Pieces of Wood, for the Ufes of Building ; fee Building.

Carpentry is one of the Arts fubfervient to Architecture, and is divided into two Branches, Houfe Carpentry, and Ship Carpentry : The firft employ'd in Railing, Roofing, Flooring, g?c. of Houfes, l$c. See House.

The fecond in the Conftruftion of Veffels for Sea ; as Ships, Barks, Barges, Boats, &c. See Ship, &g.

The Rules and Practices in Carpentry, as to 'Planing, Sawing, Mortejfing, Tenanting, Scribing, Paring, Mould- ing, ckc. are much the fame as thofe in Joinery 5 fo like- wife arc the Tools, or Instruments, and the Stuff, the fame in both : All the Difference between the two Arts confid- ing in this, that Joinery is us'd in the fmaller and more cu- rious Works j fee Joinery : and Carpentry in the larger, ftrongcr, and coarfer. See Sawing, Scribing, Moulding, Planing, £5?c. fee alfo Saw, ChissEl, Plane, £f?r.

Fr. Pyrard affures us, that the Art of Carpentry is in its greateft Perfection in the Maldives Illands :" Their Works, there, he obferves, are fo artfully manag'd, that they will hold tight and firm without cither Nails or Pins. He adds, they are fo curioufly put together, that no body can take 'em afunder, but thofe acquainted with the Myftery. The Word is deriv'd from the Latin Ca-rpentum, a Car, or Cart.

CARPET Tapis, a fort of Covering, wcrk'd either with the Needle, or on a Loom 5 to be fpread on a Table, Trunk, an Eftrade, or even a Paffage, or Floor. Pcrfian and Turky Carpets are thofe molt priz'd ; cfpecially the former. Carpets that had a Hair or Shag on one Hdc only, were call'd by the Antients Tapetes ; fuch as had a Shag on both fides, were call'd Amphitapctes.

Among Jockeys, to jbave the Carpet, is to Gallop very clofe, or near the Ground ; a Fault Foreigners charge on the Englijh Horfes. See Gallop.

An Affair, Propofal, %£c. are faid to be brought on the Carpet, when they are under Confideration, £fV.

CARPOBALSAM, or CARPOBALSAMUM, is the Fruit of the Balm, or Balfam Tree 5 very much refem- bling, both in Figure, Size, and Colour, that of Turpentine. See Balm.

'Tis much doubted, whether theCarpobalfam fold in the Sheps be the fame with that of the Antients ; as not having the fame Marks. The Apothecaries ufe to fubftitute Cu- bebes in lieu of it, as having the fame Qualities. The Word comes from the Greek k^t®-, Fruit, and jS^a*^©--, "Balm.

CARPOCRATIANS, a Branch of the antient Gnojiics, fo call'd from Carpocras, who in the I Id Century reviv'd, and improved upon the Errors of Simon Afagus, Menander, Saturnine, and other Gnojiics. He own'd, with them, one fole Principle and Father of all Things, whofe Name, as well as Nature, was unknown. The World, he taught, was created by Angels, valtly inferior to the firft Principle. He oppos'd the Divinity of Jcfus Chrilt 5 making him a mere Man, tho poffefs'd of uncommon Gifts, which fet him above other Creatures. He inculcated a Community of Women ; and taught, that the Soul could not be puri- fy 'd, till it had committed all kinds of Abominations ; making that a neceffary Condition of Perfection, See Gnos- tics, and Cerinthians.

CARPUS, in Anatomy, the Wrifi- ; or that Part be- tween the Palm of the Hand, and the Arm. See Hand.

The Wrift confiits of eight Bones of different Figures and Bulks, plac'd in two Ranks, four in each : The firft Rank is articulated with the two Foffils 5 the fecond with the Bones of the Metacarpus. They are ftrongly ty'd together by the Ligaments which come from the Radius, and by the annular Ligament, through which the Tendons which move the Fingers pafs : Altho this Ligament be thought but one, yet it gives a particular Cafe to every Tendon which paffes through it. The Word comes from the Greek xttfcr®-. The Arabians call it Rajitta 5 the Latins Carpi fmi:s.

CARRIAGE, a Vehicle for the Conveyance of Perfons, Baggage, Merchandizes, &c. from one Place to another. See Vehicle.

Carriage of a Cannon, is the Frame, or Timber-work whereon it is mounted j ferving to point and direft it for ftiooring, and to convey it from place to place. See Can- non,

The