Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/310

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CAP

CAPSTAN, or CAPSTAND of a Sbtt< a large Cylin- der-, or Barrel, plac'd perpendicularly on the Deck or a Ship, and turn'cf by four Levers, or Bars which crofs it; and by means of a Cable, which winds round the Cylinder, ferves to draw up vail Burdens, faftned to the End of the Cable. By the Cafftan it is, that Veffels ate drawn a- fhoar, and hoitted up to be refitted; the heavieft Goods are unloaded, Anchors weigh'd Sails hoffied f$c >. There are two Capftaus in a Veffel ; the Mam f^ d behind the Mainmafr.flanding on the firtt Deck, and teaching four £ five Feet above the fecond : 'Tis alfo call'd .double Capftan, becaufe ferving two Decks for drawing of Anchors ; and becaufe its Force may be doubled by applying Hands on each Deck. It has Bars, Whelps, a Panel, f$e. for turn- ina and {topping it. r ,

The &rfi#>«, or little Capftan, Hands on the fecond Deck between the Mainmaft and the Mizzen : Its uie is, chiefly, to heave upon the jeer Rope, or to heave upon the Viol to hold off by when the Anchor is weighing ; and other Occafions, where a lcfs Force is requir'd, than to weigh the Anchors, &c. The Terms belonging to the uie of the Capftans, are, Come up Capftan ; that is, Hack the Cable which you heave by ; in which Senfe alfo they lay, Launch out the Capftan : "Pawl the Capftan, is, Hop it from going back.

The French cM that an Exglf/b Capftan, where there are only half Bars us'd ; and which, for that Reafon, is only half perforated : This is thicker than the others. There is alfo a flying Capftan, which may be mov'd from place to place.

CAPSULA, a Diminutive of the Latin Capfa, literally fignifying a little Box, or Cafe ; particularly a Bag, or Sa- chel, wherein Boys carry their Books, gjc. to School : Whence Capfarius, or Capfularius, among the Romans,™™ a Servant who attended the Youth of Condition to the School or Academy, and carry'd their Bag, &c.

GAjsraA, among the Botanifls, is that part of a Fruit wherein the Seed is contain'd ; as in Pears, Apples, &c. which have a little Coat, in form of a Purfe, wherein the Kernels, or Pippins are inclos'd. See Fruit.

Capsulate 'Plants, Capfulatre Plant*, are fuch as have a tetrapetalous regular Flower, confining of four dif- tinct Petala in each Flower, and which bear their Seeds in fhort Capful* ; by which they are diilinguifh'd from the Siliqmfe, which have their Seed in long Cafes, or Cap- fula feminales ; and all the other Branches of this Genus of Plants.

CAPSULjE Atrabilares, in Anatomy, call d alio Renes fuccenturiati, and GlandnUe Renales ; are two Glands fitu- 'ate near the Reins, call'd Atrabilares from a black Liquor found in their Cavity ; and Succenturiati and Renales, from their Pofuion. See Succenturiati, Bilares, and Renales.

They are about the bignefs of a Nux Vomica ; their Fi- gures are fomewhat various ; in fome round, in others tri- angular, fquare, Ejfc. The Membrane wherewith they are cover 'd is very fine : Their Cavity is pretty large for their bulk. Their ufe is very obl'cure ; probably 'tis to fecrete the black Humour found in their Cavity ; which being af- terwards difcharg'd by their Duct into the Emulgent, mixes with the Blood ; and ferves, according to fome, as a Ferment ; according to others, only to dilute its Thicknefs : In a Fas- tits, they are almoft as big as the Kidneys. See Bile.

Capsula Communis, or of the 'Porta, is a Membrane arifing from the Peritoneum, and inclofing the Trunk of the Vena 'Porta, after its Entrance into the Liver, as a Cafe, or Cover ; dividing it felf into the fame Number of Branches ; and accompanying all, even its fmalleft Ra- mifications. See Porta. The fame Capfula, or Membrane, likewife inclofes the Poms Silarius ; whence it takes the Name of Capfula Communis. See Porus Bilarius.

Capsula Cordis, a Membrane inverting the Heart ; more ufually call'd the Pericardium. See Pericardium.

Capsulx Seminales, are the fame with Veficulte Semi- wales. See Vesicul.e Seminales.

CAPSULA, in Chymiftry, is an Earthen Veffel, in form of a Pan ; wherein things are frequently plac'd, that are to undergo very violent Operations of the Fire.

CAPTAIN, a Military Officer, whereof rhere are vari- ous Kinds and Degrees, diftinguifh'd by their various Commands : As, •

Captain of a Company, or Troop ; the Officer who commands a Company of Foot, or Troop of Horfe, under the Colonel. See Company, and Troop.

In the like Senfe, we fay, A Captain of Dragoons, of Grenadiers, of Marines, of Invalids, &c. See Dragoon, Grenai-ier, 0£c. ■ -.- ■..

In the Horfe and Foot Guards, the Captains are

ftyl'd Colonels; being ufually Perfons of the prime Nobility,

and General Officers of the Army. See Colonel, and

Guards. . t

In the Colonel's Company of a Regiment, i. e. the firit

3

Company, or that whereof he himfelf is Captain, the com- manding Officer is call'd Captain Lieutenant. See Cap- tain Lieutenant.

Lieutenant Captain, is the Captain's Second ; or the Officer who commands the Company under the Captain, and in his abfence. See Lieutenant. In fome Compa- nies, i$c. he is call'd Captain Lieutenant.

Captain Lieutenant, is he who commands a Troop, or Company, in the Name and Place of fome other Perfon, who has the Commiffion, with the Title, Honour, and Pay thereof; but is difpens'd withal, on account of his Quality, from performing the Functions of his Poll. Thus, the Colonel, being ufually likewife Captain of the firft Company of his Regiment ; that Company is commanded by his Deputy, under the Title of Captain Lieutenant. So alfo in England, France, &c. the King, Queen, Prince, Dauphine, £5?c. have ufually the Titles, Dignities, t£c. of Captains of the Guard, Gens SArmes, &c. the real Duty of which Offices, is perform'd by Captains Lieutenant.

Reformed Captain, is one, who, upon a Reduction of the Forces, has his Commiffion and Company fupprefs'd ; yet is continu'd Captain, either as Second to another, or without any Port or Command at all. See Reformed.

Captain General, of an Army, is the General, or Com- mander in chief. See General.

Captain of Militia, is he who commands a Company of Train'd-Bands, or Light-Horfe. SeeMiLiTiA.

Captain, in the Turkifh Empire, and Army. See Ci-

PITAN.

Captain of a Ship, is a Sea Officer ; whereof there are two Kinds ; the one of a Ship of War, the other of a trading Veffel.

Captain of a Man of War, is the commanding Officer of a Ship, Galley, Firefhip, or the like : In fuch Veffels, the Pilot commands the Seamen, and the Captain the Sol- diers, or Marines. See Marines.

Captain of a Merchant Ship, is the Mafter thereof; or he who has the Command or Direction of the Ship, her Crew, Lading, 13c. This Officer is more ordinarily call'd the Mafter ; efpecially in ordinary Voyages. See Master of a Ship.

On the Mediterranean, he is call'd the Patron or Pa- troon ; and in great Voyages, as to the Eaft indies, South Sea, &c. the Captain.

The Proprietor of the Veffel appoints the Captain, or Mafter ; and the Captain is to form the Crew, chufe and hire the Pilots, Mates, Seamen, £S?c tho when the Proprie- tor and Mafter refide on the fame Spot, this is ufually done ' in Concert with the Proprietor. See Ship.

CAPTION, in Law : When a Commiffion is executed, and the Commiffioners Names fubferib'd to a Certificate, declaring when and where the Commiffion was executed, this is call'd Caption. The Caption ufually commences with thefe Words, Virtute iftius commiffionis nos, &c. or, Executio iftius commiffionis patet in quadam fchedula an- nexata, &c.

CAPTIVE, a Slave, or Perfon taken by the Enemy ; particularly the Pyrates, and Corfairs. See Slave, Tit- rate, £i?c-

CAPTURE, a Prize, or Prey ; particularly that of a Ship taken at Sea : Thus we fay, The French Captures, to the Number of 15, were brought into Port ; fee Prize. It is alfo an Arreft, or Seizure of a Criminal, Debtor, l£c. at Land. See Seizure, and Arrest.

CAPUCHINS, Religious of the Order of St. Francis, in its {Vric"teft Obfervance. See Franciscan. The Capu- chins are thus call'd, from Capuce, or Capzichon, a ftuff Cap, or Cope, wherewith they cover their Head. They are clothed with Brown, or Gray ; always bare-footed ; are never to go in a Coach, nor ever fliave the Beard. The Capuchins are a Reform made from the Order of Minors, commonly call'd Cordeliers, fet on foot in the XVIth Cen- tury, by Matthew Safchi, a religious Obfervant of the Monaftery of Montefiafeme ; who, being at Rome, wasad- vertis'd fevetal times from Heaven, to practife the Rule of St. Francis to the Letter. Upon this, he made Appli- cation to Pope Clement, in 1525, who gave him Permifli- on to retire into a Solitude ; and not only him, but as ma- ny others as wou'd embrace the Ariel: Obfervance : which fome did, in effect.. In 1528 they obtain'd the Pope's Bull; In 1529, the Order was brought into compleat form ; Mat- thew was elected General, and the Chapter made Con- flitutions. In 1 543, the Right of Preaching was taken from the Capuchins by the Pope : but in 1545, 'twas rer ftor'd to them again with Honour. In 1578, there were already 17 General Chapters in the Order of Capuchins. CAPUT, a Latin Term, literally fignifying Head ; re- tain'd in its primitive Form and Ufe in divers Arts : As,

Caput %aroni<£, the Head of the Barony ; in our Cuf- toms, is the antient, or chief Seat or Cattle of a Noble- man : which is not to be divided among the Daughters, in cafe there be no Son to inherit ; but is to defcend entire