Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/308

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CAP

Ionic, are here 16; four on each fide, under the four Horns of the Abacus, where the Volutes meet in a fmallLeaf, which turns back towards the Corner of the Abacus. The Leaves are divided, each making three Ranges of leffer Leaves, whereof they are comp os'd; each lefl'er Leaf is, again, generally parted into five, call'd Olive Leaves; fometimes into three, and call'd Laurel Leaves. The middle Leaf, which bends down, is parted into Eleven. In the Middle, over the Leaves, is a Flower, /hooting out between the Stems and Volutes, like the Rofe in the Abacus. The Height of this Capital is two Modules }, and irs Projecture one \.

The Differences in the Character of this Capital, are, that in Vltmvius,SlQ. the Leaves are in form of the Acanthus; whereas in the Antique, they are more ordina- rily Olive Leaves : That their Leaves are ufually unequal, the undcrmolt being made commonly talleft, fometimes fliortcft; tho fometimes they are all equal. Sometimes the Leaves are raffled; fometimes quite plain : The firft Row generally belly out towards the Bottom, but are fometimes ftraight : fometimes the Horns of the Abacus are fharp at the Coiners, which feems agreeable to the Rules of Vitrnviits; but they are more commonly cut off. There is fome difference too in the Form and Size of the Role. Again, the Volutes are fometimes join'd to each other; fometimes wholly feparate : Sometimes the Spires of the Volutes continue twilling even to the End in the fame Courfe; and fometimes turn back again near the Centre, in the form of an S. See Corinthi in.

The Compofite Capital, is fo called, becaufe compos'd of Members borrow'd from the Capitals of other Columns. It takes a quarter Round, or Ovolo, from the Doric; an A.ftragal under this, together with Volutes, or Scrolls, from the Ionic; and a double Row of Leaves from the Co- rinthian, which it refembles in moll other things; con- lifting, generally, of the fame Members and the fame Pro- portions. In the Middle of the Abacus is a Flower; and under the Horns, Leaves which return upward; as in the Corinthian. Indeed, inftcad of Stalks in the Corinthian, the Compojite has final] Flowers, lying clofe to the Vafe or Belt; twilling round towards the middle of the Face of the Capital, and terminating in the Rofe. The Height of the Compojite Capital, is two Modules -•, and its Projecfure one Module -,-, as in the Corinthian.

The Differences of the Charafler of this Capital, confift in this; that the Volutes, which ordinarily defcend, and touch the Leaves, are in fome Works of the Antique fepa- rated from them : That the Leaves, which are generally unequal in Height, the lower Rank being talleft, ate fome- times equal : That the Volutes of the Moderns generally fpring out of the Vafe; whereas, in the Antique, they or- dinarily run flraight the Length of the Abacus, over the Ovolo, without linking into the Vafe : That the Volutes, whole Thicknefs is contra&ed in the Middle, and enlarg'd above and below in the Antique, have their Sides parallel in the Woiks of the Moderns : And laflly, that the Vo- lutes, which have been hitherto, both by the Antients and Moderns, made as if folid, are now made much lighter and more airy; the Folds Handing hollow, and at a dif- tance from each other. See Composite.

For the 'Proportions of 'the fever a I Members of the Capi- tals of Columns, fee Column. See alfo each Member un- der its proper Head; as, Abacus, Acanthus, Volute, Echinus, £5c.

Some Architects diftinguifh the fufcan and Doric Ca- pitals which have no Ornaments, by the Title of Capitals of Mouldings; and the three others, which have Leaves and Ornaments, they call Capitals of Sculpture

Angular Capital, is that which bears the Return of an Entablature, at the Corner of the Projeaure of a Fron- nipiece.

Capital of a Sail after, is that Part which crowns the miufler- which fome-times bears a Rcfemblance to the Capitals o. Tome Columns; particularly the Ionic. See Bal-

LUSTER.

, Capital of a Triglyph, is the Plat-band over the 73"/- glypb-, called by Vitruvius tomia. See Trigeyph 'Tis fometimes alfo a Tnglyph which does the Office of a Ca- pital to a 'Doric Pilaller.

Capital of a Niche, is a kind of little Canopy over a lhallow Niche, covering or crowning a Statue See Niche

Capital of a Saftion in Fortification, is a Line drawn from the Angle ot the Polygon, to the Point of the Bafti- on; or from the Point of the Ballion to the Middle of the Gorge. The Capitals are from 3 5 to 40 Fathom long, from the Point of the Baftion to the Point where the two Demigorges meet. See Bastion.

CAPITALS, in Printing, are the Majufcul^, or initial Letters, wherein Titles, i£c. are compos'd, and all Periods Verfes, £fJc. commence; call'd alfo uncial Lettets. See Uncial. All proper Names of Men, Countries, King- doms, Terms of Arts, Sciences, and Dignities, are to be- gin with Capitals. The Englifh Printers have carried Ca-

pitals to a pitch of Extravagance; making it a Rule, td begin almolt every Subftantive v/ith a Capital; which 'is a manifeit Pervetfion of the Defign of Capitals, as well as an Offence againft Beauty and Diftinctnefs. Some of 'em begin now to retrench their fuperfluous Capitals, and to tail into the Meafures of the Printers of other Nations. Sec Let- ters, Characters, and Printing.

CAPITATE Plant*, in Botany, are fuch Plants whole Flowets ate compos'd of many edg'd and hollow little Flow- ers; thus call'd by Mr. Ray, becaufe their fcaly Calyx (or Cup of the Flower) moft ufually ftvells out into a large and round Belly, containing within it the pappous Seed; as in Carduus, Centaury, Knapweed, Cinera, Cirfium, Lappa- mai, Cijanus, &c.

CAPITATION, or Toll-Money, a Tax, or Impofition rais'd on each Pcrfon, in confideration of his Labour, ln- duftry, Office, Rank, Sgc. This kind of Tribute is very antient, and anfwers to what the Greeks call'd xspaAnw. The Latins call it Iritutttm; by which Taxes on the Pet- fon, arc diftinguifh'd from Taxes on Merchandife; which were called V'eBigalia, quia vehebantur. Capitations are never practis'd amongll us, but in Exigencies of State. See Poll, Fuage, &c.

CAP1TE, in Law, a Tenure, whereby a Petfon held of the King, immediately, as of his Crown; either by Knight's-Service, or Soccage. See Tenure, and Service. But by a Statute, 12 Car. II. all fuch Tenures by Knight's- Service of the King, or of any other Petfon, Knights Setvices in Capite, or Soccage, with all Rights, i£c. ate an- null'd. SceSoccAGE, and Fee.

CAPITOL, in Antiquity, a famous Fort, orCaftle, on tho T'arpcian Mount at Rome, wherein was a Temple dedicated to Jupiter, thence denominated Capitolinus, in which the Senate antiently affembled; and which Hill ferves as the City Hall, or Town-houfe, for the meeting of the Confer- vators of the Roman People. The firft Foundations of the Capitol were laid by tarquin the Elder, in the Year of Rome 139. His Succeffor, Servtus, rais'd the Walls; and L'arquin the Proud finilh'd it, in the Year 221. But it was not confecrated, till the third Year after the Expulfion of the Kings, and Ellablilhment of the Confulate. The Cetemony of the Dedication of the Temple, was perform'd by the Conful Horatius, in 240". The Capitol confined of three Parts; a Nave, facred to Jupiter; and two Wings, or Illes, to Juno and Minerva : It was afcended to by Stairs 5 Lipfius reckons too in number, by reafon there were fo many in the Afcent of the tarpcian Rock. The Frontif- piece and Sides were incompafs'd with Galleries, wherein thofe who had the Honout of a Triumph, entertain'd the Senate at a magnificent Banquet, after the Petformance of Sacrifice to the Gods. Both infide and outfide were inrich'd with infinite Ornaments; the Statue of Jupiter, with his golden Thunderbolt, his Scepter and Crown, were the moft diftinguifh'd. In the fame Capitol there were like- wife a Temple to Jupiter the Guardian, and another to Juno; with the Mint : and on the Defcent of the Hill, the Temple of Concord. The Capitol was burnt under Vi- tellius; and rebuilt under Vefpafian. It was burnt a fecond time by Lightning, under tints, and reftor'd by Domitian. It had its Name Capitol, from a Man's Head found frefh, and yet bleeding, upon digging the Foundation of the Tem- ple, built in honour of Jupiter. Arnobius adds, that the Man's Name was telus, whence Caput-tol'mm.

Antiently, the Name Capitol was likewife affected to all the principal Temples, in moft of the Colonies throughout the Roman Empire; as, at Conftantimple, Jerufalcm, Car- thage, Ravenna, Capua, &c. That of tholoufe, has given the Name of Capitouls to its Echevins, or Sheriffs.

CAPITOLINI Ludi, were annual Games, or Combats inftituted by Camillus, in honour of Jupiter Capitolinus, and in Commemoration of the Capitol's not being furpriz'd by the Gauls. Plutarch tells us, that a part of the Cere- mony confitted in the Publick Cryers putting up the He- trunans to Sale by Auction. They alfo took an old Man, tying a Golden Sulla to his Neck, fuch as were wore by their Children, and expos'd him to the publick Derifion. Feftus fays, they drefs'd him in a Prmexta, and hung a Bull at his Neck; not as accounting him a Child, but be- caufe this was an Ornament of the Kings of Hctruria.

There was alfo another kind of Catitoline Games, infti- tuted by Domitian, and celebrated ea'ch five Years; where- in there were Rewards and Crowns beftow'd on the Poets, and put on their Heads by the Emperor himfelf. Thefe Games became fo celebrated, that the manner of account- ing Time by Luftres, which had obtain'd till then, was chang'd; and they began to count by Capitoline Games, as the Greeks by Olympiads. The Feaft was not for Poets alone, but alfo for Champions, Orators, Hiftorians, Come- dians, Magicians, ££c.

CAPITULAR, or CAPITULARY, an Aft pafs'd in a Chapter, either of Knights, Canons, or Religious. See Chapter.

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