Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/302

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,, The Names of the feveral Cannons, their Length, their height, and that of their Balls, as they obtain among us, are as in the following Table.

CHS)

CAN

Weight of

Weight

Length

NAMES of CANNON.

an Iron

of the

of the

1

Ball.

t Camion

Cannon,

XZannon Royal

48 lib.

3 000 lib.

1 2 ~Feet

'Demi-Cannon large

5*

6000

12

^Demi-Cannon ordinary

%%

5600

iz

Tiemi-Cannon leajl

50

5400

11

Cuherin largeji

20

4800

12

Q'foerin ordinary

1 7 lit. 5 oz.

4500

12

CvJverin leajl


 * 5

4000

it

jDewi-Culverin ordinary

10 11

2700

11

jDemi-Cul-verin leajl

9

2000

10

Saker ordinary

6

1500

10

Sakcr leajl

4 12

1400

8

Minion largejl.

% 12

1000

8

Minion ordinary

5

800

7

Falcon

2 8

7 5o

7

Palconct

t 5

400

6

'Rahinet

8

300

5. C2%.

Safe

5

200

4. <s

The grcatcft Range of a Cannon, is ordinarily nVd at an Elevation of 45. Dr. Halley fhews .it to be at 44^ See Project. M. S. jfulien adjults the Ranges of the feveral Pieces of Camion, from the Weight of the Ball they bear : the Charge of Gun pouder being always fuppofed in a fub- duple Ratio of the Weight of the Ball : Thus,

Weig.iLur

Horizontal

Greateit

Weight of

Horizontal

Created

a Iculen Ball.

Range.

Range.

a leaden Ball.

Range.

Range.

i< tib.

600 faces.

fiooo

ii

4^0

^000

14

700

fjOOO

8

400

I^OO

15

Sao

8000

IS

150

i<;oo

The fame Author adds, that a Ball thrown to the Dif- tanceof 600 Paces, finks 9, 10, 11, 12, nay, 13 Foot with- in Ground. l ; or the Method of cajlingCannons, fee Foundry,

For the Metal of Cannons, 'tis either Iron, or, which is more ufual, a Mixture of Copper, Tin, and Brafs : the Tin is added to the Copper, to make the Metal more denfe and compact : So that the better or heavier the Cop- per is, the lefs Tin is requir'd. Some to 100 Pounds of Copper, add 10 of Tin, and 8 of Brafs : Others, 10 of Tin, ; of Brafs, and 10 of Lead. Srawnius defcribes a Method of making Canmn of Leather, on occafion : And 'tis certain the Sweeds made ufe of fuch in the long War of the laft Century ; but thefe burft too eafily to have much effect. 'Tis found by Experience, that of two Cannon of equal Bore, but different Lengths ; the longer requires a greater Charge of Pouder than the Ihorter, in order to reach the fame Range. The ordinary Charge of aCannon, is to have the Weight of its Gun-pouder half that of its Ball. After e;ch thirty Difcharges, the Cannon is to be cool'd, with two Pints of Vinegar, mix'd with fourofWater, pour'd into the Barrel ; the Touch-hole being firfl ftopp'd.

Cannons are made Cylindrical, that the Motion of the Ball might not be retarded in its PaCfage ; and that the ftrader, when on Fire, might not flip between the Ball and the Surface of the Cannon, which wou'd hinder its effect. Wclfiits would have the Cannon always decreafe, as it goes towards the Mouth or Orifice : in regard, the Force of the Pouder always decrcafes, in proportion to the Space thro which it is expanded. The new Cannons, after the Spa- itijb manner, have a Cavity, or Chamber at bottom of the Barrel, which helps their Effba. A Cannon is found to recoil two or three Paces after Explofion 5 which fome ac- count for from the. Air's ruffling violently into the Cavity, as foon as it is difcharg'd of the Ball : but the real Caufe is, the Pouder's acting equally on the Breech of the Can- non, and the Ball. Sec Mortar, Gun, Bomb-Project

GuN-POUDER, &c. *

Zarrey makes Brafs Cannon the Invention of 7. Owen • and fays, the firft known were in England, in 1 3 3 5. Can- nons, however, he owns, were known'beforc 5 and' obferves that at the Battel of Creffi, in 1345, there were five Pieces of Cannon in the Eiiglijh Army ; which were the firft that had been fecn in France : And Mezeray adds, that King Edward {truck Terror into the French Army, by five or fix Pieces of Cannon ; it being the firft time they had feen fuch thundering Machines. The firft Cannons were call'd Bombards, from the Latin bombus 5 by reafon of the Noife. The Word Cannon, Menage derives from the Ita- lian Canone, an Augmentative of Canna ; in regard, aCan- non \s Inng, ftreight, and hollow, like a Cane.

CANOE, a little Veflel, or Boat, us'd by the Indians .made all of one Piece, of theTrunk of aTree hollow'd. The'

Savages frequently make 'em of Bark, chiefly that of the Birch-Tree 5 yet big enough to hold four or five Perfone. See Boat.

CANON, a Perfcn who poflefles a Prebend, or Revenue allotted for the Performance of Divine Service, in a Cathe- dral; or Collegiate Church. Canons are of no great Anti- quity : Pafquier obferves, that the Name Canon was not known before Charlemaign : at leaft, the firft we hear of, are in Gregory dc 'tours, who mentions a College of Co- nons, inftituted by 'Baudiin XVI. Archbifhop of that City, in the Time of Clotharius I. For, antiently, Canons were only Priefts, or inferior Ecclefiafticks, who liv'd in Com- munity ; rcfiding by the Cathedral Church, to aflift the Bifhops 3 depending entirely on their Will, fupported by the Revenues of the Biflloprick 3 and living in the fame Houfe, as his Domefticks, or Counfcllors, $$c. They even inherited his Moveables, till the Year 816 3 when this was prohibited by rhe Council of Aix la Chapclle. By degrees, thefe Communities of Priefts, fliaking off their Dependance, form'd feparate Bodies 3 whereof the Bifhops, however, were ftill Heads. In the Xth Century, there were Com* munities or Congregations of the fame kind, eftablifh'd even in Cities, where there were no Bifhops : Thefe were call'd Collegiatcs 5 in regard, they ufed the Terms Congre- gation or College indifferently : The Name Chapter, now given to thefe Bodies, is much more modern. Under the fecond Race of the French Kings, the Canon or Collegiate Life, had fpread it felf all over the Country 5 and each Cathedral had its Chapter, diftinct from the reft of the Clergy. But they were not yet deftin'd to a Life fo eafy as now-a-days. They had the Name Canon, from the Greek tumit, which fignifies three different things, a Rule 3 a 'Pen/ion, or fix' 'd Revenue to live on 3 and a Catakgue, or Ma- tricuia. Hence, fome fay, they were ca ll'd Ca?ions, by reafon of the Penfionox Prebend; (whence fom® alfo call 'em Spor- tulantes Fraires :) Others fay, they were call'd Canons, be- cause oblig'd to live according to Canonical Rules and Infti- tutions, which were given 'em ; and others, as M. do Mar- ca, becaufe their Names were inferted in the Matricula, or Caralogue of the Cathedral. In time, the Canons freed themfelves from their Rules, the Obfervance relax'd, and, at length, they ceas'd to live in Community, yet ftill form'd Bodies; pretending to other Functions befides the Celebra- tion of the Common Office in the Church, yet affirming the Rights of the reft of the Clergy ; making themfelves a neceflary Council of the Bifhop; taking upon them the Adminiftration of the See during a Vacancy, and the Elec- tion of a Biihop to fupply it. There are even fome Chap- ters exempt from the Jurifdiction of the Bifhop, and own- ing no Head but their Dean. After the Example of Ca- thedral Chapters, Collegiate ones alfo continu'd to form Bodies, after they had abandon'd living in Community.

Antient Canons, and thofe ftill fubfiftit g in the Romijb Church, are of various Kinds ; as, Cardinal Canons, which are thofe attach'd, and, as the Latins call it, Incardinati to a Church, as a Prieft is to a Parifh. 'Domicellary Ca- nons, were young Canons, who not being in Orders, had no Right in any particular Chapters. ExpeSative Canons, were fuch as without having any Revenue or Prebend, had the Titles and Dignities of Canons, a Voice in the Chap- ter, and a Place in the Choir 5 till fuch time as a Prebend fhould fall. Foreign Canons, were fuch as did not officiate in the Canonries to which they belong'd : To thefe were oppos'd Manfionary Canons, or Canons Refidentiary. Ho- norary Canons, are the fame with Lay Canons : In a Ma- nufcript Ordinary, at Rouen, is mention made of Canons of thirteen Marks; which, perhaps, was the Revenue of their Canonate. In the Church at London, were Canons Minor, or little Canons, who officiated for the great ones. At Lucca there are Mitred Canons. There were alfo Ca- nons of 'Poverty ; Canons ad Succurrendum, who were made Canons at the Point of Death, to partake of the Prayers of the Chapter. Tertiary Canons, or thofe who had only the third Part of the Revenues of the Canonate.

Charlemaign ordain'd, that thofe who were admitted in- to the Cleric, that is, into the Canonic Life, ihould be oblig'dto live Canonically, and according to the Rule pre- fcrib'd 'em ; obeying their Bifhops as Monks do their Ab- bat : By this Means it was, that the Spirit of Monachiftn became introdue'd into Cathedrals 5 for the Clerks being ty'd to certain Rules, became half Monks ; and inftead of applying themfelves to the Function of the Priefthood, (hut themfelves up in Cloifters : whence the Houfes where they refided took the Name of Monajieries, and were to be kept inclofed 5 as appears by the Synodical Statutes of Hincmat, in 874. So that there were two kinds of Monafteries ; the one for Monks, the other for Canons. Singing, in a littls time, became their chief employ ; and 'tis now almoft the whole Bufinefs they have left : the Bifhops looking on. 'em as little elfe but their Chaplains.

In the VHIth Century, S. Cbrodcgani made a Rule for

the Canons, which was receir'd by 'em all, and is ftill ex.

I tsnt