Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/295

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Calliper, or Calibre-C«?z^/7^, is a Rule or Inftru- ment, wherein a Right Line is fo divided, as that the firft Fart being equal to the Diameter of an Iron or Leaden Ball of one Pound Weight, the other Parts are to the firft, as the Diameters of Balls of two, three, four, ££?c. Pounds, are to the Diameter of a Ball of one Pound. The Calliper is us'd by Engineers, from the Weight of the Ball given, to determine its Diameter, or Calliper 5 or viceverfa.

The Calliper, (Tab. Fortification, Fig. 2.) confifts of two thin pieces of Brafs, fix Inches long 5 join'd by a Rivet, fo as to move quite round each other : The Head, or one End of the Piece is cut circular; and one half ofits Circum- ference divided into every 2d Deg. On the other Half are Divifions from 1 to 10 5 each, again, fubdivided into 4 : The ufe of which Divisions and Subdivifions, is, that when the Diameter of a Bullet, &c. not exceeding 10 Inches, is taken, the Diameter of the Semicircle, will, among the Divifions, give the Length of that Diameter taken between the Points of the Callipers, in Inches and fourth Parts.

The Degrees on the Head, ferve 10 take the Quantity of an Angle j the Method of which is obvious. If the An- gle be inward, apply the outward Edges to the Planes that form the Angle ; the Degree cut by the Diameter of the Semicircle, fhews the Quantity of the Angle fought. For an outward Angle, open the Branches till the Points be outwards, and applying the ftreight Edges to the Planes that form the Angle, the Degrees cut by the Diameter of the Semicircle ihew the Angle requir'd 5 reckoning from 180, towards the Right Hand.

On one Branch of the Callipers, on the fame Side, are, firft, 6 Inches 5 and each of thefe fubdivided into ten Parts. Secondly, a Scale of unequal Divifions, beginning at two, and ending at 10 ; each fubdivided into four Parts. Third- ly, two other Scales of Lines, /hewing, when the Diame- ter of the Bore of a Piece is taken with the Points of the Callipers outwards, the Name of the Piece, whether Iron or Brafs ; i.e. the Weight of the Bullet it carries 5 or that 'tis fuch or fuch a Pounder, from 1 to 42 Pounds.

On the other Branch of the Callipers, on the fame Side, is a Line of Chords to about 3 Inches Radius ; and a Line of Lines on both Branches, as on the Sector 5 with a Ta- ble of the Names of the fcveral Pieces of Ordnance. On the fame Face is a Hand grav'd, and a Right Line drawn from the Finger towards the Centre of the Rivet ; /hew- ing, by its cutting certain Divifions made on the Circle, the Weight of Iron Shot, when the Diameter is taken with the Points of the Callipers. LarHy, on the Circle, or Head, on the fame Side, are graved feveral Geometrical Fi- gures inferib'd in each other, with Numbers 5 as a Cube,whofe Side is fuppofed one Foot ; a Pyramid on the fame Bafe and Altitude, and the Proportions of their Weight, %$c. a Sphere, inferib'd in a Cube ; a Cylinder, Cone, Circle, Square, £Sc.

In Architecture, Calliper, or Calibre, is us'd for the Bulk, Thicknefs, Volume, or Diameter of any round thing, &c. Thus, they fay, thefe two Columns are of the fame Callibre, i. e. the fame Diameter.

The Gagers alfo fometimes ufe Callipers, to embrace the two Heads of any Calk, in order to find its Length.

CALLOSITY, a little Callus form'd in any part of the Skin j or a white, folic), dry, infcnfible Flefh; genera- ted by the Congeliion of a dry, pituitous Excrement, co- vering the Circumference of an Ulcer, Wound, &c. and in the Place where good Fle/h fhould grow. The Chi- rurgcon is always to take care that Ulcers clofe without Cal- losities. See Callus.

CALLUS, a kind of Nodus, or Ligature, which joins the Extremities of a fractur'd Bone. The Formation of a Cal- lus may be as follows. The Juice that feeds the Bone, running along its Fibres, becomes extravafated in the Place where thole Fibres are broke : So that flopping, and ga- thering together round the Extremities of the Fracture, it there dries, knits, and hardens, to a Confidence like a ftrong Glue ; leaving only a little Inequality in the Place where it is form'd.

Callus's frequently grow fo firm as to fupply the Place of Bones. In the 'Phil. IranfaEf. we have an Inftance of a Callus fupplying the Place of the Os Humeri ; taken out, upon its being Carious, by Mr. Fowler 5 and another of a Callus's fupplying the Place of the Os Femoris ; and the Perfon as itrong as ever, and walking without any Lamcnefs, by Mr. Sherman.

Callus, is alfo a hard denfc Knob, or Subftance, rifing on the Hands, Feet, t3c. by much Friction and Preflure againft hard Bodies.

CALOGER1, CALOGERS, or CALOYERS, Monks, °r Religious, in Greece \ both Male and Female 5 inhabi- ting, particularly, Mount Athos, but difleminatcd through- out all the Churches of the Eatt. They follow the Rule of St. SVyr/, and make Vows like the Weftern Religious. There has never been any Reform among 'em, but they fiill retain [heir original lnttitution, keep"rhcir former Ha- bit, ££f. to a Tittle. 'Tavemier obferves, they live a very

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rem dauftere Life, eating no Flefh ; and keeping four Lents, befides a great Number of Fafts, with great Strictncfs They eat no Bread till they have earn'd it by the Labour or their Hands. During their Lents, fome don't eat above once in three Days, others but twice in feven. Molt of the Night they fpend in Weeping, (gc. Some Authors oblerve, that the Word Calcger is apply'd particularly to iuch, among their Religious, as are become Venerable by- Age, and the Aufterity of their Life. It may be added, that tho Calogers, among us, be a general Name, and comprehend all the Greek Monks ; yet, in Greece it felf, their Pnefts, or Regulars, are call'd Icrimnniekei:

The Turks ufe tho Word Calogers for their Dervices; or Religious Muffulmen. The ' Word comes from the Greek jtaAo^s}©- ; which is form'd from yj.\k and ye/en i.e; a good old Man.

CALOMEL, in Pharmacy, the Name ordinarily given to Mercurim Tlulcis. It rather fecms to have firft belong- ed to the j&hiops Mineral; from jmAk, pulcber, fair; and pites, mger, black : for that white or pale Bodies rubb'd herewith, become black. But fome will have it given to Mercurim 'Dulcis, from the Authority of a whimlicalChy- mift, who employ'd a Black in his Laboratory ; whole Complexion, as well as that of the Mercury, he alluded to in the Term : the Medicine being fair, and the Operator black. See Mercubius Dulcis.

CALOTTE, hi Architefture, a round Cavity or De- preffure, in form of a Cup, or Cap, Jathed and plaifter'd ; us'dtodiminifh the Rife or Elevation of a moderate Cha- pel, Cabinet, Alcove, &c. which, without fuch an Expe- dient, wou'd be too high for other pieces of the Apartment. It takes its Name from

Calotte, a Cap or Coif of Hair, Satin, or other Stuff ; ufed firft for Neceffity, but now become an Eccle- fiaflical Ornament, in France, &c. It was firft wore by Cardinal Ricblieu : The red Calotte is the Badge of a Car- dinal.

CALQUING, or CALKING, a Term in Painting, lie. us'd where the Backfide of any Defign is cover'd with a black or red Colour ; and the Strokes"or Lines trae'd thro „ on a wax'd Plate, Wall, or other Matter ; by paffing light- ly over each Stroak of the Defign with a Point, "which leaves an Impreflion of the Colour on the Plate or Wall.

CALTROP, Chauffe-trafe, an Inflrument wirh four Iron Points, difpos'd Triangular-wife ; fo as there are al- ways three Points bearing on the Earth, the fourth being in the Air: Sudeus calls it Calciatrapfa. Several of thefe are fix'd in the Ground where the Cavalry is to pal's, to flick into the Horfcs Feet, and embarrafs 'em.

CALVA, or CALVARIA, the Scalp, or upper Part of the Head ; fo call'd from its growing bald firft. See Head.

CALVARY, a Term us'd in Catholic Countries for a kind of Chapel of Devotion, rais'd on a Hillock near a City ; in Memory of the Place where Jelus Chrift was crucify'd near Jerufalem. Such is the Church of St. Vale- rian, near Taris ; which is accompany'd with feveral Cha- pels, in each whereof is reprefented in Sculpture one of the Myfteries of the Paffion. The Word comes from the La- tin Calvarinm, and that from Calvus ; in regard the Top of that Hillock was bare, and dettitute of Verdure : which is alfo fignify'd by the Hebrew Word Golgotha.

CALVINISM, the Doctrine and Sentiments of Calvin and his Followers, with regard to Matters of Religion. Calvinifm fubfifls in its grcateft Purity, in the City of Ge- neva ; whence it was firft propagated over France, the United 'Provinces, and England. In France it was abo- lifh'd by the Revocation of the Edict of Nam, in 10-85. It has been the prevailing Religion in the United 'Provin- ces, ever fince the Tear 1572. In England it has dwindled fince the Time of Queen Elizabeth ; and is now confin'd among the Diflenters : Tho it ttill lubfuls, a little allay'd, in the Articles of the Eftablifh'd Church ; and in its Ri- gour in Scotland. Of the thirteen S-vlifs Cantons, there are fix who profefs Calvinifm ; which likewife obtains in the Palatinate. The diftinguifhing Tenets of 'Calvinifm, are, lft, That Predeftination and Reprobation are prior to the Prefcience of good or evil Works, idly. That Predeftina- rion and Reprobation depend on the mere Will of God 5 without any regard to the Merits or Demerits of Mankind. idly, That God gives thole whom he has predeltinated a Faith which they cannot lofc ; a neceffitating Grace ( which takes away the Freedom of Will ; and that he im- putes no Sin to 'em. afhly, That the Righteous cannot do any good Work, by reafon of Original Sin, which cleaves to 'em. pbly, That Men are juftify'd by Faith only. The modern Calvinifts reject or palliate fome of thefe Articles.

In France, the Calvinifts are diftinguifh'd by the Narad of Hugltcnots ; and, among the common People, by Par- faillots. In Germany they are confounded with the Lu- therans, under the general Title 'Protcfttmts ; Only fome- timesdirtinguifh'd by the Name Reformed. F. Gaulfier at- tributes an hundred Herefies to 'em ; but F. Francis Feu- p P Jrdetlt