Page:Cyclopaedia, Chambers - Volume 1.djvu/294

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Strokes againft the Sides of the Ariei-ies ; by which means, an incrcas'd Velocity of Blood increafes the Heat : and eonfequently does its Heat depend upon its Circulation. From hence it appears, that at the fame Diftances from the Heart, the Heat of equal Quantities of Blood will be as their Velocities : and; that in the fame Velocities of Blood, the Heat will be reciprocally as the Diftances from the Heart. For fince, in homogeneal and fimple Bodies, no- thing elfe is .recjuir'd to difengage the Particles exciting Heat, but a Niius and Attrition of Parts, produe'd by the Force of the Heart ; to which is always proportional the Velocity of the Blood ; and the Re-affion, or Refiftance of the Arteries and the antecedent Blood ; it follows, that if the Refiftance or Re-aftion is not alter'd, which it will riot be at the fame diftance from the Heart j then the Heat of the Blood will not be alter'd, unlefs by an Alteration of the Impetus, or Velocity imptefs'd upon the Blood from the Heart : That is, as Effects are proportional to their Caufcs, the Heat of the Blood, at the fame Diftances from the Heart, will be proportional to its Velocity. In the fame manner it appears, that if the Velocities imprefs'd by the Heart be equal, there can be no change in the Heat of the Blood, but from a diverfify'd Refiftance, or Re-ac- tion of the Arteries and antecedent Blood. But the Refif- tance of the preceding Blood is proportional to its Quan- tity ; and its Quantity is reciprocally proportional to the Diftance from the Heart ; (for the nearer the Blood is to the Heart, fo much the greater will be its Quantity between any given Place and the Extremity of the Artery.) And therefore the Refiftance of the Arteries will alfo be fo much the greater, by how much nearer they are to the Heart : For in this cafe, the Refiftance is proportional to the Velo- city ; and the Velocity of the Blood is greateft at the leaff Diftances from the Heart. Hence the Heat of the Blood may be confidcr'd as a Reftangle, under the Velocity and the Diftance : that is, if in two Perfons the Velocity be as three, and the Diftances wherein we would determine the Hear, be as much more in one as in another ; that is, as two to one ; the Heat of one will be fix, and the other three : that is, the Heat of the firft will be double that of the fecond. If the Diftance of the firft be as two, and the Velocity as four ; but the Diftance of the fecond as three, and the Velocity as one ; the Heat of the firft will be as eight, and of the fecond as three : and fo the Heat of the firft, will be more than double the Heat of the fe- cond.

CALIPPIC PERIOD, in Chronology, a Series of jS Years, returning perpetually round ; which elapfed, the Middle of the New and Full Moons, as its Inventor Calif- pus, an Athenian, imagin'd, return'd to the fame Day of the Solar Year. Meton, ioo Years before, had inven- ted the Period or Cycle of 19 Years ; (fee Metonic Cv- cle.) affuming the Quantity of the Solar Year, 31S5 d. 6 b. 18' 515" 50' ;i 4 34 ! ; and the Lunar Month 29 d. lib. 45'. 47" 26' 48 4 30'. But Calippus confidering that the Meto- nic Quantity of the Solar Year was not exafl, multiply'd Melon's Period by 4, and thence arofe a Period of 75 Years, call'd the Califfic. The Calippic 'Period therefore contains 27759 Days : And fince the Lunar Cycle contains 235 Lu- nations, and the Calippic 'Period is quadruple of this, it contains 940 Lunations. See Pee ion.

It is demonftrated, however, that the Calippic Period it felf is not accurate ; that it does not bring the Now and Full Moons precifely to their Places, but brings 'em too late by a whole Day in 553 Years.

CALIPH, or CALYPH, orKALIPH,thefirftEcclefiafti- cal Dignity among the Saracens : or, as d'Herbelot defines it, the Name of a Sovereign Dignity among the Mahometans, veiled with abfolute Power over every thing, relating both to Religion and Policy. The Word is Arabic, and fignifies Suc- ceffor, or Heir : And, in effect, Ahlbeker, the firft Caliph, was Mahomet's Succeflbr ; whofe Succeflbrs, again, affum'd the Title of Calif hs of Syria. In a little time, however, there arofe feveral other Caliphs, who ufurp'd the Supreme Power in Pcrfia, Egypt, and Africa. Pifafire, who reign'd in 9 58, was the laft Caliph of Syria : after whom, the 'Turks be- coming Mailers thereof, the Caliph funk into Sovereign 'Pontiff. And the fame happen'd in Egypt, where the Caliph has only left the Title of Grand Pricft of Maho- met. Vatier oblcrves, that they call'd themfelves Vicars of God ; and that the Mahometan Sultans and Kings fell down before 'em, and kifs'd their Feet : For which Rea- fon, V. de Bcauvais, calls 'em their Popes. The Caliph of Bagdad, tho otherwifc little more than a Name, ftill re- tains the antient Right of adopting and confirming the Kings of Arabia and Syria. Nicod obferves, that the Go- vernors of Cairo had formerly the Title of Caliph. There were alfo Caliphs of Carvan, in Tunis ; and of Spain ■ who alfo bore the Title of King.

The Word comes from the Arabic, Hhalapba, which fignifies not only to fucceed, but alfo to be in the Place of another ; not only as Heir, but as Vicar. In which Senle,

Erpenjius obferves, it is, that the Emperors and Sovereign Pontiffs were call'd Caliphs, as being God's Vicars and Lieutenants : contrary to the more popular Opinion, that they take the Name Caliph, as being Mahomet's SucceiVm

CALIX, CHALICE, or CALICE, the Cup, or Vcflii us'd to adminifter the Wine in, in the Eucharift ; and, by the Roihanifts, in the Mafs. Sede affirms, that' the Cha- lice, us'd by Jcfus Chritt at the Supper, had two handles, and held juft half a Pint ; which the Ahtients imitated! In the primitive Times the Chalices were of Wood : Pope Zephyrine firft appointed 'em to be Of Silver and Gold. Othets fay, Urban I. and Leo IV. forbad Tin and Glafs - as did likewife the Council of Calcutb in England : Horn\ Lindanus, and Beatus Rhcnanus, who had feen fome of the antient Chalices in Germany, obferve, that they had a Pipe, or Tube, fitted artfully to 'em, thro which the Peo- ple fuck'd, inftead of drinking. The Word comes from the Greek sVxijj.

Cltix, in Botany, is apply'd to a Flower, whofe Body, or even a Part of it, is fbrm'd in manner of a Cup or Chalice ■ as the Cup or Body of a Tulip, i£c.

Calix is more particularly us'd for that outward green- ifh Cover which encompaffes and defends the Foliage, or Leaves of a Flower. See Flower. The Calix is lb'me- times of one entire Piece ; as in Pinks, igc. and in fome broke into feveral, as in Rofes, tfc. The Calix is alfo call'd Perianthium. See Perianthium.

Saffron has no Calix ; its Flower comes out of the Earth before its Leaves. See Saffron.

CALIXTINS, a Name given to thofe among the Lu- therans, who follow the Sentiments of George Calix tus, a celebrated Divine, who oppos'd the Opinions of St. Augnf- tin, on Predestination, Grace, and Free Will : So rhat the Calixtins are efteem'd a kind of Semi-Pelagians. Catixtus maintain'd, that there is in all Men a certain Power of Un- dcrftanding and Willing ; with Natural Knowledge futfici- ent : And that a good ufe being made of thefe, God will give us all the Means neceffaty to arrive at the Perfec- tion to which Revelation direcls 'em.

Calixtins, is alfo a Term, apply'd by the Romanifis to fuch as communicate in both Kinds ; as the People of Bohemia, &c. tho, in other Refpefls, of the fame Faith with themfelves : Thefe they don't make Hereticks, but only Schifmaticks : The Word is deriv'd from Calix, Cup

CALKING, or CAUKING of a Ship, implies tte driving in Oakam, or fomewhat of that kind into the Seams, or Commiflures of the Planks, to prevent the Ship's leaking. r

CALL, (in Hunting) is a Leflon blown upon the Horn, to comfort the Hounds. Amongft Fowlers, Calls are arti- ficial Pipes, made to catch feveral forts of Birds, by imita- ting their Notes.

CALLENDER, or CALANDER, a Machine us'd in the Manufaflures, for preffing certain Cloths, Stuffs of Silk or Woollen, and even Linens ; and to make 'em fmooth, even, and gloffy : 'Tis alfo us'd for watering, or giving the Waves to Tabbies and Mohairs. It confifts of two large wooden Rollers, round which the Pieces of Stuff are wound : thefe are pur between two large clofe-polifh'd Planks of Wood; the lower ferving as a fix'd Bafe ; and the upper moveable, by means of a Skrew like that of a Crane ; with a Rope, faften'd to a Spindle which makes its Axis : This upper Part is of a prodigious Weight, fopie- times 50 or 60 rhoufand Pound. 'Tis this Weight that gives the Polifh, and that makes the Waves on the Stuffs about the Rollers, by means of a (hallow Indenture or En- graving cut in it. The Rollers are taken off, and put on again, by inclining the Machine. The Word comes from the Latin Cylindrus ; in regard the whole Effect of th» Machine depends on a Cylinder. Borcl, indeed, derives the Name ot it from that of a little Bird, of the Swallow Kind • in regard of the Agreement between the Feathers of the' Bird, and the Impreflion of the Machine

CALLIGRAPHUS, was antiently a Copift or Scrivener, who tranlcnb d fair, and at length what the Notaries had taken down in Notes, or Minutes ; which comes pretty near to what we call Ingrofmg. The Minutes of Act Kfc were always taken in a kind of Cypher, or Short-Hand - iuch as the Notes of Tiro in Grater : by which means the Notaries, as the Latins call'd 'em, or the TL«u.»i yca. m , and ttftfcptfw, as the Greeks call'd 'em, were inablcd to keep pace with a Speaker, or Perfon who diftated Thefe Notes being underftood by few, were copy'd over fair, and at length by Perfons who had a good Hand, for file fie and thefe were call d Calligraphi ; a Name frequently met with in the Primitive Writers. It comes from the Greek who writes for Beauty or Ornament fake
 * «m«, beauty, and y & :^, t wrile . „ d _ ,~ ^ ,

CALLIPER, or rather CALIBRE, the Aperture of a Piece of Artillery, or any other Fire-Arm ; or the Diame- ter of rhe Mouth of a Cannon, t$c. or of the Ball it car- ries. Hence,

Callipers,